Match the words up with their meaning and give the Russian translation

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denial	complaining about something in an annoying way
coping mechanism	fair and reasonable
acknowledge	very important, necessary, or essential
that’s about as far as it goes	deliberately unkind in an indirect way
ice-breaker	sudden and unexpected, often in an unpleasant way
legitimate	tired and impatient about something
vital	behaviour that makes it possible for you to deal with a difficult situation or problem
moan	to a certain degree
unforeseen	smth that you say or do to make people feel more relaxed at a party or other social event
to become aware of	f…ing hell
abrupt	to accept or admit that something exists, is true, or is real
to prompt	notice smth
snide	the refusal to let someone have or do something
weary	to cause something to happen or be done
kinell	unexpected, unanticipated

advent	to be as good as what was expected or promised
bring out in smb	something that happens regularly that a particular group of people find funny
dimwit	causing harm
inaudible	the place where someone or something is going
not that	to make someone show a quality that they have
maligned [mə'laind]	the introduction of a new product, idea, custom etc
impose upon	waiting for something in a line
stand-offishness	stupid
in return	looking or feeling embarrassed and uncomfortable
to the extent of	used for adding a negative statement that reduces the effect or the importance of what you have just said
standing joke	difficult or impossible to hear
live up to	talkative, blabbing, loquacious
garrulous ['gær(ə)ləs] ['gærju(ə)l]	thrust on smb, become a burden to smb
destination	in exchange for something
squirmy	behaviour in a formal way that is not friendly because of the fear to get involved with other people
queuing	the degree to which something happens or is likely to happen

straightforward manner	to make someone notice and think about a person or thing
queue-jumping	the sound of hacking
scowl [au]	disdainful, scornful, showing that you do not respect smth or smb at all
righteous ['rait∫əs]	most important, main
wimpish	in a clear and honest, outspoken way
belligerent	determined to achieve smth and continuing to try despite difficulties, tenacious
square up to	going ahead of other people who have been waiting longer than you
fiend [i:]	morally good or correct
we’re onto you	spineless, weak-willed
a frown	an evil person, monster
contemptuous	to start to deal with something or someone in a brave and determined way
a cough	to have found out that a particular person was involved in smth
draw attention to	moving your eyebrows down and closer together showing you are annoyed, worried, or thinking hard
primarily	very unfriendly and angry
doggedly	to twist your face into an expression that shows you are angry

yuppie	a feeling of being embarrassed or not confident that makes it difficult to relax and do or say what you want to
upwardly-mobile	easily annoyed and likely to get angry quickly
mischievous ['mist∫ivəs]	to throw smth somewhere in a careless way
to trick into	the remaining, uneaten bit of a fruit
sneering	protective transparent sphere
tetchily	disobedient, naughty, having fun by causing trouble or misunderstanding
despised	yuppie, young professionals
apple core	someone who pretends that an unpleasant situation or problem does not exist
to sling	deceive, cheat, mislead
bubble	gibing, scornful, scoffing
ostrich	detested, loathed, without respect
inhibition	someone who is young, earns a lot of money, and lives in a city in a style that is too expensive for most people

Exercises

A. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words and expressions.

Legitimate, unforeseen, to become aware of, moan, denial, vital, that’s about as far as it goes, ice-breaker, coping mechanism, acknowledge

He’s in ____________ - he doesn’t want to ____________________ the fact that his son is a drug addict.
His _____________________ at parties consists in drinking a lot and laughing all the time.
I will shake his hand and make some conversation, but ______________________ . I am not going to invite him to my place.
The _______________ she uses when having to talk to strangers is weather-talk.
I was absent because I overslept/ - Sorry, this is not a ______________________ excuse.
It’s ____________ that he come here.
Stop _______________ ! Those circumstances were totally ______________________ .
I __________________________ the fact that he’s a singer only a week ago.

B. Answer the questions using the following words and expressions:

Dimwit, maligned, impose upon, advent, destination, kinell, in return, garrulous

What do people often say when they miss the train?
What has recently made writing book easier?
How do you deal with stupid people?
What book do you consider unjustly criticized?
How do you go about talking to people who are too busy to talk to you?
How do you show your gratefulness to the people who did something for you?
What’s your opinion of people who talk too much?
Where would you like to go some day? Why?

C. Translate using the following words and expressions

Righteous, contemptuous, a cough, square up to, we’re onto you, draw attention to, queuing,

a frown, scowl

1. Что ты на меня так щеришься? Тебе не нравиться то, что я сказала?

2. Стояние в очередях за визой – это единственное, что удерживает меня от поездки туда.

3. Его праведная речь была очень скоро забыто, когда выяснилось, что у его жены роман с его секретарем.

4. Он встал к нему лицом к лицу и сказал все, что думал.

5. Хватит придумывать! Мы все про тебя знаем!

6. Она посмотрела на меня с презрительной улыбкой.

7. Ее нахмуренные брови ясно показывали, что она не одобряет его поведения.

8. Что это за кашель в соседней комнате?

9. Что привлекло ваше внимание к этому художнику?

D. Answer the questions using suitable words and expressions:

1. What makes you tetchy?

2. What inhibitions do you have?

3. Do you consider yourself an aspiring upwardly-mobile person?

4. How do you trick a mischievous child into doing what you want?

5. What activity can you think of that’s allowed yet despised?

6. What do many people doggedly do that’s not worth doing?

7. Have you ever seen an ostrich? Where?

GRAMMAR

1. Деепричастия прошедшего времени («что сделав?») в английском языке передаются формой HAVING + PAST PARTICIPLE:

Having lost the key he couldn’t get into the house. – Потеряв (поскольку он потерял) ключи, он не мог попасть в дом.

TRANSLATE

Having made your necessary apology or request, you must immediately revert to the denial state.

2. Вводящая конструкция NOT THAT переводится как НЕ ТО, ЧТО…:

Not that he’s that strong, but he certainly looks it. – Не то что он прямо такой сильный, но он таковым выглядит.

TRANSLATE

Not that they would actually do anything about it, of course, except tut and sigh and roll their eyes and shake their heads.

Mother: ‘Sam’s bound to fail all his tests: the only thing he’s any good at is skateboarding, and they don’t have tests for that, as I keep telling him, not that he pays any attentionto anything I say, of course . . .’

3. Слова RARELY, NEVER, NOT ONLY, NOR, NO SOONER … THAN и т.д. могут начинать предложение, в таком случае происходит инверсия вспомогательного глагола и подлежащего:

Never have I seen such beauty. – Никогда я не лицезрел такой красоты.

Rarely does he come to parties. – Он редко появляется на вечеринках.

TRANSLATE

We scowl, but only rarely do we actually speak up and tell the jumper to go to the back of the queue.

Not only do we fail to exhibit the required degree of enthusiasm for our work or products, but we may even say ‘Well, it’s not bad’ when trying to convince someone that our loft conversions or legal acumen or whatever are really the best that money can buy.

People fish and play soccer all over the world. Nor is there anything peculiarly English about the other main domestic leisure pursuits mentioned here, such as reading, gardening and DIY.

True, animals are loved everywhere. But only in England does all this take place entirely among ordinary people.

No sooner do youth sub-cultures invent some new tribal costume than the avant-garde designers pick it up.

We are not a nation of explicit, unequivocal atheists. Nor are we agnostics.

4. WILL и WOULD могут употребляться в значении отказа в действии в настоящем (WILL) и прошедшем (WOULD):

I try to contact her but she won’t speak to me. – Я пытаюсь с ней связаться, но она отказывается говорить со мной.

I spent two hours fixing the computer but it still wouldn’t work. – Я потратил два часа на починку компьютера, но он отказался (все равно не начал) работать.

TRANSLATE

You do this not by talking about the make of car they actually own or want to own, but by asking about the brands they do not like and would not buy.

MATCH UP DIALOGUE PARTS

PART 1 (first sentence)

That dimwit has lived up to his expectation again!	I’m on to you, you mischievous child! Don’t think I didn’t see you sling that apple core into Mrs. Johnson’s window!	Your denial to see me, your frown, your weary expression – all tells me that you lost me money and can’t return it!	Why are you so squirmy?
He always acknowledges your opinion but that’s about as far as he goes. He never agrees or disagrees.	It’s a standing joke among us that Jake primarily draws attention to his dog and than to himself.	He’s been maligned in the press for being too garrulous about how men are smarter than women.	Did your mother wish you both happiness?
She said it with such a contemptuous, sneering disgust that everybody became aware of how much she despises this course of action.	You are a sex-fiend! And you have no inhibitions!	With the advent of computers getting tickets to various destinations has become easy.	What are these people queuing for?
What’s the best ice-breaker to use when talking to him?	Her stand-offishness and her abrupt manner almost prompted me to yell at her.	What did she say when you asked her to marry you?	What is that animal?

PART 2 (reply, reaction)

She did but she said it very tetchily.	It’s a bird actually. It’s an ostrich.	He was unkind to you because you were queue-jumping.	Her answer was almost inaudible. But I think she agreed.
Kinell! And I thought that yuppie was at least not dumb.	Yes, I heard it: “He’s doggedly persistent in it”.	They put their Vivienne Westwood collection on sale.	Yes, one could see the scowl on her face from very far off.
True. And the upwardly-mobile people are also using discounts for travel-ling a lot, such as SkyMiles and others.	What did he do now, told James in his usual straight-forward manner that he hated him?	I want to cough and I can’t because we are in church.	That’s his coping mechanism. He doesn’t want his opinion to be imposed upon because he doesn’t have any.
Well, you don’t have to be so snide about it! In return I can say you don’t have the guts to square up to your own desires!	It’s vital not to sound righteous or belligerent. You have to trick him into thinking you like him and respect his opinion over yours.	I did! I can’t! I am sorry! I have a legitimate excuse! It was all due to unforeseen circumstances!	But Aunt Julia! She brings out the worst in me to the extent of me wanting to set her house on fire!

RULES OF THE ROAD

PUBLIC TRANSPORT RULES

The Denial Rule

Our main coping mechanism on public transport is a form of what psychologists call ‘denial’: we try to avoid acknowledging that we are among a scary crowd of strangers, and to maintain as much privacy as possible, by pretending that they do not exist – and, much of the time, pretending that we do not exist either. It is common, and considered entirely normal, for English commuters to make their morning and evening train journeys with the same group of people for many years without ever exchanging a word. ‘After a while,’ one commuter told me, ‘if you see the same person every morning on the platform, and maybe quite often sit opposite them on the train, you might start to just nod to each other when you arrive, but that’s about as far as it goes.’ ‘How long is “a while”?’ I asked. ‘Oh, maybe a year or so – it depends; some people are more outgoing than others, you know?’

Exceptions to the Denial Rule

There are three situations in which one is allowed to break the denial rule, acknowledge the existence of other passengers, and actually speak directly to them.

The Politeness Exception

The first situation is one I call the ‘politeness exception’: when not speaking would constitute a greater rudeness than the invasion of privacy by speaking – such as when one accidentally bumps into people and must apologize, or when one must say ‘excuse me’ to get past them, or ask if the seat next to them is free, or if they mind having the window open. It is important to note, however, that these politenesses are not regarded as ice-breakers or legitimate preludes to any further conversation: having made your necessary apology or request, you must immediately revert to the denial state, both parties pretending that the other does not exist.

The Information Exception

Somewhat more helpful was the ‘information exception’, whereby one may break the denial rule to ask for vital information, such as ‘Is this the right train for Paddington?’ or ‘Does this one stop at Reading?’ or ‘Do you know if this is the right platform for Clapham Junction?’ The responses to such questions are often mildly humorous: I’ve lost count of the number of times my panicky ‘Is this the right train for Paddington?’ has prompted replies such as ‘Well, I certainly hope so!’ or ‘If it’s not, I’m in trouble!’

The Moan Exception

The ‘moan exception’ to the denial rule normally only occurs when something goes wrong – such as an announcement over the loudspeakers that the train or plane will be delayed or cancelled, or the train or tube stopping in the middle of nowhere or in a tunnel for no apparent reason, or an inordinately long wait for the bus to change drivers, or some other unforeseen problem or disruption. On these occasions, English passengers appear suddenly to become aware of each other’s existence. Our reactions are always the same and minutely predictable, almost as though they had been choreographed. A loudspeaker platform announcement of a delayed train, or an abrupt jerking stop in the middle of the countryside, prompts an immediate outbreak of sociable body language: people make eye contact; sigh noisily; exchange long-suffering smiles, shrugs, raised eyebrows and eye-rolling grimaces – invariably followed or accompanied by snide or weary comments on the dire state of the railway system. Someone will always say ‘Huh, typical!’, another will say ‘Oh, now what?’ or ‘For Christ’s sake, what is it this time?’ or the more succinct ‘’kinell!’

The Mobile-phone Ostrich Exception

On public transport, it is considered unseemly to draw attention to oneself.

Until the advent of the mobile phone, which brings out the ostrich in us: just as the dimwit ostrich with its head in the sand believes that it is invisible, the dimwit English passenger on a mobile phone imagines that he or she is inaudible. People on mobiles often seem to go about in a little personal bubble, oblivious to the crowds around them, connected only to the person at the other end of the phone. (It is very) irritating for all the other passengers. Not that they would actually do anything about it, of course, except tut and sigh and roll their eyes and shake their heads.

COURTESY RULES

‘Negative-politeness’ Rules

But our much-maligned reserve and our much-admired courtesy are, it seems to me, two sides of the same coin. In fact, at one level, our reserve is a form of courtesy – the kind of courtesy that the sociolinguists Brown and Levinson call ‘negative politeness’, meaning that it is concerned with other people’s need not to be intruded or imposed upon (as opposed to ‘positive politeness’, which is concerned with their need for inclusion and social approval). The restraint, cautiousness and contact-avoidance of English public-transport passengers – the stand-offishness that foreigners complain about – are all characteristic features of ‘negative politeness’. What looks like unfriendliness is really a kind of consideration: we judge others by ourselves, and assume that everyone shares our obsessive need for privacy – so we mind our own business and politely ignore them.

Bumping Experiments and the Reflex-apology Rule

Which brings me to the bumping experiments. I spent several amusing afternoons in busy, crowded public places (…) accidentally-on-purpose bumping into people to see if they would say ‘sorry’. Somewhat tomy surprise, the English lived up to their reputation: about 80 per cent of my victims said ‘sorry’ when I lurched into them, even though the collisions were quite clearly my fault.

Rules of Ps and Qs

The English may not speak much on public transport, but when they do open their mouths, the words you are most likely to hear, apart from ‘sorry’, are ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ (the latter often shortened to ‘’anks’ or ‘’kyou’).

… I should point out that there is nothing particularly warm or friendly about English Ps and Qs – they are generally muttered, usually without eye contact or smiles. Just because we are distinctively polite and courteous in our public conduct does not mean that we are good-natured, generous, kind-hearted people.

Taxi Exceptions to the Denial Rule – the Role of Mirrors

In return, English taxi drivers are generally courteous towards their customers – and often positively friendly, to the extent of breaking the normal ‘denial’ rules of privacy and reserve. There is a sort of standing joke among the English about the excessive chattiness of taxi drivers and, indeed, many live up to their garrulous reputation.

There is also, however, another type of chatty cabbie, who does not deliver tabloid monologues but rather attempts to engage his passengers in friendly conversation – usually beginning, in accordance with English protocol, with a comment on the weather, but then breaking with tradition by expressing interest in the passengers’ destination and the purpose of their journey (a train station, for example, often prompts the question: ‘are you off somewhere nice, then?’). The questions can become more personal (or at least what the English regard as personal – such as enquiries about one’s job or family), but most such drivers are remarkably sensitive to nuances of tone and body language, and will not persist if the passenger comes over all English and gives monosyllabic answers or looks squirmy and uncomfortable.

QUEUING RULES

The Indirectness Rule

The English expect each other to observe the rules of queuing, feel highly offended when these rules are violated, but lack the confidence or social skills to express their annoyance in a straightforward manner. Paradoxically, it is only in England, where queue-jumping is regarded as deeply immoral, that the queue-jumper is likely to get away with the offence. We huff and puff and scowl and mutter and seethe with righteous indignation, but only rarely do we actually speak up and tell the jumper to go to the back of the queue.

The Paranoid Pantomime Rule

That last bit might sound silly, or even clinically paranoid, but I actually learnt something from all my wimpish hovering in the vicinity of likely queues, which is that the English do notice when someone is considering jumping a queue. They start glancing at you sideways, through narrowed, suspicious eyes. Then they shuffle a bit closer to the person in front of them, just in case you might try to insert yourself in the gap. They adopt a more belligerent, territorial posture – putting a hand on a hip, ‘squaring up’ to the potential threat, or ostentatiously turning a shoulder away from you. The body language is quite subtle – perhaps not even visible to a foreigner unaccustomed to our ways – but to an English would-be queue-jumper the non-verbal message is clear: it says ‘We know what you’re thinking, you cheating little fiend, but don’t imagine you’re going to get away with it because we’re onto you’.

Body-language and Muttering Rules

But frowns, glares, raised eyebrows and contemptuous looks – accompanied by heavy sighs, pointed coughs, scornful snorts, tutting and muttering (‘Well, really!’ ‘Bloody hell!’ ‘Huh, typical.’ ‘What the . . .’) – are usually the worst that you will be subjected to if you jump a queue. The queuers are hoping to shame you into retreating to the back of the queue, without actually having to break the denial rule and ‘cause a scene’ or ‘make a fuss’ or ‘draw attention to themselves’ by addressing you directly.

CAR RULES

Before we can even start to look at English unwritten social rules about cars and driving, there are a few ‘universals’ about cars that need clarifying. Across all cultures, humans have a strange and complex relationship with the car. The first thing we need to be clear about in this context is that the car is not primarily a means of transport – or rather, if that sounds a bit too extreme, that our relationship with the car has very little to do with the fact that it gets us from a to b. Trains and buses get us from a to b: cars are part of our personal territory, and part of our personal and social identity. A bus can take you to the shops and back, but you do not feel at home in it or possessive about it. A train can get you to work, but it does not make socially and psychologically significant statements about you.

The Status-indifference Rule

Specifically, the English like to believe, and will often doggedly insist, that social-status considerations play no part in their choice of car. Even at the height of the BMW’s yuppie-image heyday, for example, upwardly-mobile English executives claimed that they bought their BMWs for their excellent German engineering and design, comfort, reliability, speed, handling, BHP, torque, low drag-coefficients and other rational, no-nonsense qualities. Nothing to do with social image. Nothing to do with status. Nothing to do with vanity. Nothing to do with impressing colleagues or neighbours or girlfriends. Oh no. It’s just a bloody good car.

Class Rules

The ‘Mondeo Test’

But the truth is that car choice, like almost everything else in England, is mostly about class. If you are conducting research – or just have a mischievous nature – you can trick English people into admitting, albeit indirectly, the real social-class reasons for their car choice. You do this not by talking about the make of car they actually own or would like to own, but by asking about the brands they do not like and would not buy. Mention the Ford Mondeo to a member of the middle-middle or upper-middle classes and they will automatically make some sort of sneering jokey comment about ‘Essex Man’ or insurance salesmen – in other words, the sort of lumpen lower-middle-class person associated with this particular make of car. ‘Mondeo Man’ is the current generic euphemism for this social category.

The ‘Mercedes-Test’

Upper-middles who pass the Mondeo-test – those who are merely mildly amused by your suggestion that they might drive a Mondeo – may still reveal hidden class anxieties over the Mercedes. When you’ve had your complacent little chuckle about Mondeos, try saying ‘Now, let me guess . . . I’d say you probably drive a big Mercedes.’

If your subject looks hurt or annoyed, and responds either tetchily, with a forced laugh, or with a scornful comment about ‘rich trash’ or ‘wealthy businessmen’, you have hit the adjacent-class insecurity button. Your subject has made it into the upper-middle ‘intelligentsia’, ‘professional’ or ‘country’ set, and is anxious to distinguish himself from the despised middle-middle ‘business’ class, with which he almost certainly has some family connections.

Car-care and Decoration Rules

But class distinctions, and class anxieties, don’t stop with the make of car you choose to drive. The English will also gauge your social rank by the appearance and condition of your car – the way in which you care for it, or do not care for it.

A scrupulously tidy car indicates an upper-working to middle-middle owner, while a lot of rubbish, apple cores, biscuit crumbs, crumpled bits of paper and general disorder suggests an owner from either the top or the bottom of the social hierarchy. And there are still smaller clues and finer distinctions. If you not only have a tidy car, but also hang your suit-jacket carefully on the little hook thoughtfully provided for this purpose by the car manufacturers, you are lower-middle or possibly at the lower end of middle-middle class. (All other classes simply sling their jacket on the back seat.) If you hang your jacket on a coat-hanger attached to the little hook, you are definitely lower-middle. If you also hang a neatly-ironed shirt on a coat-hanger from the little hook, to change into before arriving at your ‘important meeting’, you are lower-middle of working-class origins, and anxious to proclaim your white-collar status.

The Mobile Castle Rule

An Englishman’s home is his castle, and when an Englishman takes to the road in his car, a part of his castle goes with him. We have seen that on public transport, the English go to great lengths to maintain an illusion of privacy: we try to pretend that the strangers surrounding us simply do not exist, and assiduously avoid any contact or interaction with them. In our mobile castles, this self-delusion becomes much easier: rather than an invisible ‘bubble’ of stand-offishness, we are enclosed in a real, solid shield of metal and glass. We can pretend not only that we are alone, but also that we are at home.

The Ostrich Rule

The sense of home-like security and invulnerability provided by our mobile castles also encourages some more offensive forms of disinhibition. Even normally fairly polite English people find themselves making rude gestures and mouthing insults and threats at other road users from the safety of their cars – in many cases saying things we would never dare to say outside this protective shield.

WRITE A DIALOGUE WITH THE WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS BELOW. TOPIC: YOU BUMPED INTO SOMEBODY AND ARE SAYING “EXCUSE ME”. AT THIS POINT YOU REALIZE THE PERSON YOU BUMPED INTO IS REALLY GOOD-LOOKING

legitimate

unforeseen

to become aware of

denial

vital

that’s about as far as it goes

ice-breaker

coping mechanism

acknowledge

dimwit

impose upon

advent

kinell

WRITE A COMPOSITION WITH THE WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS BELOW.

TOPIC: IS IT OK TO TALK TO PERFECT STRANGERS IF YOU LIKE THEM?

maligned

destination

in return

garrulous

righteous

contemptuous

a cough

square up to

draw attention to

queuing

a frown

scowl

moan

CHAPTER 9

WORK TO RULE

THE MUDDLE RULES

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