Match the words up with their meaning and give the Russian translation

over-emphasized	the act of stopping something for a period of time
egalitarian	to move something so that one side is lower than the other
bonding	not to approve of something
bar counter	to make someone have a particular opinion or feeling
rampant	done in a way that does not seem to be carefully planned or organized
remission	supporting a social system in which everyone has equal status and the same money and opportunities
inhibition	a long flat surface where customers are served in a bar
suspension	the development of a special close relationship between people
haphazardly	being treated as smth more important than it really is
strike someone as (struck, struck)	existing, happening, or spreading in an uncontrolled way
frown upon	a period of time when an illness or disease becomes less severe
to tilt	a feeling of being embarrassed or not confident that makes it difficult to relax and do or say what you want to

 

to perch	done in an obvious way that shows you are not embarrassed or ashamed to be doing something bad or illegal
Get a move on	the place where someone or something is
blatant	to make a situation, process, or type of behaviour stronger and more likely to continue
Ps and Qs	to listen to other people's conversation without them knowing that you are listening
novice	to make a liquid or substance flow out of a container that you are holding
publican	Hurry up!
bellow	someone who is just beginning to learn a skill or subject, beginner
reinforce	to be careful to be polite and behave well used for telling someone to speak and behave in a way that is suitable to a particular situation
eavesdrop	someone who owns or manages a pub
pour	sit on something that is narrow or small, and usually high, especially for a short time
whereabouts	to shout very loudly

 

stolid	confused, bewildered
heated	very unfriendly and angry
Thou shalt not	receiving offers to pay a particular amount of money for something
for the fun of it	to say that a statement is not true or accurate without giving proof
have a knack for	to manage to do something bad without being punished or criticized for it
out of thin air	getting angry and excited (in an argument or a discussion)
despairing	to make someone worry and think hard, by being difficult to understand
taking bids	because something is enjoyable or funny, not for any important or serious reason
vehemently ['vi:əməntli]	an old phrase meaning 'you shall not'
refute	feeling that a situation is so bad that nothing you can do will change it
to get away with this	appearing suddenly in a mysterious way
puzzle	to be skilled in smth
bemused	involving extremely strong feelings or beliefs
belligerent	acting or thinking in a slow serious manner

 

to enter into the spirit of things	to relax and trust people, to stop being careful
but now you come to	to cause something to happen or be done
taunt	to make something happen
reveal	a big change in the way you think or in what you do
stick to	to behave in the enthusiastic way that people expect in a particular situation
random	used for adding something that you have just remembered about a subject that you are talking about
leap	to shout cruel things at someone in order to make them angry or upset
trigger	to let something become known
prompt	to continue to do the same thing and not change or stop it for any period of time
let one’s guard down	chosen or happening without any particular method, pattern, or purpose

 

Exercises

A. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words and expressions:

Bonding, bar counter, rampant, to tilt, egalitarian, get a move on, inhibition, over-emphasized, strike someone as

 

1. I think the importance of education is _______________ .
2. He’s very ________________ in his attitude to various social classes.
3. True __________ between a child and the father usually occurs when the child turns three.
4. He was leaning against the ______________ and ogling girls coming in.
5. The disease is running _______________ in this city. We better leave.
6. She is rumored to have very few ____________ : last night she apparently got very drunk and noisy.
7. He _______ me ________ a very smart person.
8. The axis of the Earth is ______________ .
9. Let’s ________________ , we are running late.

B. Answer the questions using the following words and expressions:

Bellow, Ps and Qs, reinforce, novice, eavesdrop, pour, blatant

 

1. Do you like it when children refuse to leave the store unless the parents buy them a toy?
2. What does one have to do when going out to have a drink in a foreign country?

3. What would your advice be to a person who’s just started his tennis lessons?

1. In what situations is it OK to yell?
2. What does a week team need in order to get stronger?
3. Do you ever listen at the door?
4. Do you like red wine?

 

C.  Translate using the following words and expressions:

T aking bids, belligerent, to get away with this, bemused, for the fun of it, vehemently,

despairing, have a knack for, out of thin air

 

1. Зачем ты это сделал? – Да так просто.
2. У нее кажется, талант к игре на бильярде.
3. Он появился просто из ниоткуда.
4. Она кидала на меня отчаянные взгляды, но я делал вид, что не видел.
5. Люди начали держать пари задолго до того, как боксеры начали бой.
6. Она яростно отрицала свое участие в преступлении.
7. Он не только использовал шпаргалку на контрольной, но еще и не попался.
8. «Ты действительно работаешь в цирке?» - спросила она удивленным тоном.
9. Он ужасно рассердился, услышав об этом.

 

D. Answer the questions using suitable words and expressions:

 

1. What helps you enter into the spirit of things at a party?
2. Were you taunted when you where a teenager?
3. What athletic activity do you think you’ll stick with in your life?
4. What do you choose at random?
5. What triggers anger in you?
6. What usually prompted your parents to give you gifts when you were a child?
7. What can make you let your guard down?

 GRAMMAR

 

1. Окончание - Y (- IE , - EY ), прикрепленное к существительному, переводит его в разряд прилагательных с несколько уничижительным (пренебрежительным) оттенком:

 

I don’t feel very gymnasticky today – Сегодня мне не до гимнастических упражнений.

 

TRANSLATE

 

The pub is a central part of English life and culture. That may sound like a standard guidebooky thing to say, but I really mean it.

 

The back garden is often relatively scruffy and only very rarely the pretty, colourful, cottagey profusion of roses, hollyhocks, pansies, trellises and little gates.  

 

 

2. Абсолютный герундиальный оборот в предложении имеет подлежащее, отличное от главного (см. также Chapter 1 пункт 4):

 

With his sister being away, he felt free. – Поскольку его сестра была в отъезде, он чувствовал себя свободным.

He couldn’t read the chapter easily, the book having been read and re-read by many generations before him. – Он читал главу с трудом, поскольку книга была уже зачитана многими поколениями до него.

 

TRANSLATE

 

In English pubs, the suspension of normal privacy rules is limited to tables situated very near the counter, those furthest from the bar being universally understood to be the most ‘private’.

 

Once you have done it, it is necessary to stop talking, both parties pretending that the other does not exist.

 

The Independent and the Guardian balance things out neatly by being somewhat to the left of centre with the Guardian, being seen as slightly more left-wing than the other.

 

 

3. Конструкция IN THE SENSE THAT переводится В ТОМ СМЫСЛЕ, ЧТО:

 

He is popular in the sense that everyone knows him – Он популярен в том смысле, что все его знают.

 

TRANSLATE

 

If you spend hours sitting in pubs, you will notice that many pub conversations could be described as ‘choreographed’, in the sense that they follow a prescribed pattern.

 

The people in reality shows, however, are ‘real’, in the sense that they are not trained actors but ordinary mortals.

 

Shopping is not work in the sense of ‘production’ – it is a form of ‘consumption’.

 

MATCH UP DIALOGUE PARTS

PART 1 (first sentence)

We should drink to enter into the spirit of things!	He’s pretty egalitarian in his political views.	He appeared out of thin air! He leapt down at us from nowhere!	He proposed to her but so haphazardly and in such a despairing way that she let her guard down for a second and almost accepted.
I think the importance of a bar counter culture in this country is over-emphasized.	His disease is in remission. He thinks of getting a job.	I have many inhibitions. I have a hard time answering publicans when they bellow “What’s your drink?” to me.	Pour us some wine!
Get a move on! We gotta leave!	His rampant aggression and blatantly random acts of violence isn’t making him any friends.	Jenny, have you been eavesdropping? It’s bad, you know!	If you tilt this lever, the door will open.
Stop taunting the dog! Look how belligerent it is!	Thou shalt not steal, teaches the Bible.	What prompted you to volunteer for the championship? You are only a novice!	He’s a stolid defendant of human rights.

PART 2 (reply, reaction)

I am puzzled. Isn’t he a member of the royal family?	Stick to quiet bars, that’s my advice.	Oh come on, it took it just for the fun of it!	I think that’ll reinforce my self-esteem.
It doesn’t strike me as aggressive, it looks like it just wants to play.	Sure, but mind you Ps and Qs when you are bonding with the patrons.	He won’t get away with this, the medical board won’t let him.	Coming! God, Mom, you have such a knack for making any trip impossible!
He was just perched on the fence waiting for you to come closer. I saw him.	Probably, but it’s frowned upon to speak about it so light-heartedly.	Yes, he revealed himself at a part the other night when he started a heated discussion that ended in fisticuffs.	I am sorry but I really wanted to know about the whereabouts of Sam and you were talking about him.
You are saying in such a bemused tone that I think there’s some practical joke involved.	You know, I am vehemently opposed to drinking in the morning!	Yes, the murder of his brother triggered him going into politics.	This story refutes the belief that only smooth gentlemen get the girl!

 

 

PUB-TALK

 

The pub is a central part of English life and culture. That may sound like a standard guidebooky thing to say, but I really mean it: the importance of the pub in English culture cannot be over-emphasized. Over three-quarters of the adult population go to pubs, and over a third are ‘regulars’, visiting the pub at least once a week.

 

Our research revealed three significant cross-cultural similarities or ‘constants’ regarding such drinking-places:

1. In all cultures, the drinking-place is a special environment, a separate social world with its own customs and values
2. Drinking-places tend to be socially integrative, egalitarian environments, or at least environments in which status distinctions are based on different criteria from those operating in the outside world
3. The primary function of drinking-places is the facilitation of social bonding

THE RULES OF ENGLISH PUB-TALK

 

The Sociability Rule

 

For a start, the first rule of English pub-talk tells us why pubs are such a vital part of our culture. This is the sociability rule: the bar counter of the pub is one of the very few places in England where it is socially acceptable to strike up a conversation with a complete stranger. The no-waiter-service system is designed to promote sociability. But not rampant, uncontrolled sociability. ‘Cultural remission’ is not just a fancy academic way of saying ‘letting your hair down’. It does not mean abandoning all inhibitions and doing exactly as you please. It means, quite specifically, a structured, ordered, conventionalized relaxation of normal social conventions. In English pubs, the suspension of normal privacy rules is limited to the bar counter, and in some cases, to a lesser degree, to tables situated very near the counter – those furthest from the bar being universally understood to be the most ‘private’.

 

The Invisible-queue Rule

 

The bar counter is the only place in England in which anything is sold without the formation of a queue. In our drinking-places (…) we do not form an orderly queue at all: we gather haphazardly along the bar counter. At first, this struck me as contrary to all English instincts, rules and customs, until I realised that there is in fact a queue, an invisible queue, and that both the bar staff and the customers are aware of each person’s position in this queue. Everyone knows who is next: the person who reached the bar counter before you will be served before you, and any obvious attempt to get served out of turn will be ignored by the bar staff and severely frowned upon by other customers.

 

The Pantomime Rule

 

The rules of English pub-talk regulate non-verbal as well as verbal communication – in fact, some of them actively prohibit use of the verbal medium, such as the pantomime rule. The prescribed approach is best described as a sort of subtle pantomime…

It is acceptable to let bar staff know one is waiting to be served by holding money or an empty glass in one’s hand. The pantomime rule allows us to tilt the empty glass, or perhaps turn it slowly in a circular motion (some seasoned pubgoers told me that this indicates the passing of time). The etiquette here is frighteningly precise: it is permitted to perch one’s elbow on the bar, for example, with either money or an empty glass in a raised hand, but not to raise one’s whole arm and wave the notes or glass around.

 

Exception to the Pantomime Rule

 

There is one important exception to the pantomime rule, and as usual it is a rule-governed exception. While waiting to be served at a pub bar counter, you may hear people calling out to the bar staff ‘Oi, any chance of a bloody drink sometime this millennium?’ or ‘Get a move on: I’ve been stood here since last Thursday!’ or committing other blatant breaches of the pantomime rule. You would be advised not to follow their example: the only people permitted to speak in this manner are the established ‘regulars’ (regular customers of the pub), and the rude remarks are made in the context of the special etiquette governing relations between bar staff and regulars.

 

The Rules of Ps and Qs

 

First, it is customary in England for just one or at the most two members of a group to go up to the bar to order drinks for the group, and for only one to make the actual payment.

 

Second, the correct way to order a beer is ‘A pint of bitter [or lager], please’. For a half-pint, this is always shortened to ‘Half a bitter [or lager], please’.

The ‘please’ is very important: foreigners or novices will be forgiven mistakes in other elements of the order, but omitting the ‘please’ is a serious offence. It is also vital to say ‘thank-you’ (or ‘thanks’, or ‘cheers’, or at the very least the non-verbal equivalent – eye contact, nod and smile), when the drinks are handed over, and again when the change is given.

 

The ‘And One for Yourself?’ Rule – and the Principles of Polite Egalitarianism

 

In the special social micro-climate of the pub, I found that the rules of egalitarian courtesy are even more complex, and more strictly observed. For example, it is not customary in English pubs to tip the publican or bar staff who serve you. The usual practice is, instead, to buy them a drink. To give bar staff a tip would be an impolite reminder of their ‘service’ role, whereas to offer a drink is to treat them as equals. The prescribed etiquette for offering a drink to the publican or bar staff is to say, ‘And one for yourself?’ or ‘And will you have one yourself?’ at the end of your order. The offer must be clearly phrased as a question, not an instruction, and should be made discreetly, not bellowed out in an unseemly public display of generosity.

 

If the ‘And one for yourself?’ offer is accepted, it is customary for bar staff to say, ‘Thanks, I’ll have a half [or whatever]’ and add the price of their chosen drink to the total cost of the order.

 

Greeting Rules

 

When a regular enters the pub, there will often be a chorus of friendly greetings from the other regulars, the publican and the bar staff. Publicans and bar staff always address regulars by name, and regulars always address the publican, bar staff and each other by name.

 

The bonding effect among pub regulars is further reinforced by the use of nicknames – pubs are always full of people called ‘Shorty’, ‘Yorkshire’, ‘Doc’, ‘Lofty’, etc. To call someone by a nickname universally indicates a high degree of familiarity. Normally, only family and close friends use nicknames. It is worth noting in this context that some regular pubgoers have a ‘pub-nickname’ which is not used by their friends and family outside the pub, and may not even be known to these groups. Pub-nicknames are often ironic: a very short regular may be known as Lofty, for example.

 

The Rules of Coded Pub-talk

 

If you spend hundreds of hours sitting eavesdropping in pubs, you will notice that many pub conversations could be described as ‘choreographed’, in the sense that they follow a prescribed pattern, and are conducted in accordance with strict rules…

Here is my favourite typical example of coded pub-talk, from the etiquette research:

The scene is a busy Sunday lunchtime in a local pub. A few REGULARS are standing at the bar, where the PUBLICAN is serving. A male REGULAR enters, and by the time he reaches the bar, the PUBLICAN has already started pouring his usual pint. The PUBLICAN places the pint on the counter in front of the REGULAR, who fishes in his pocket for money.

 

REGULAR 1: ‘Where’s meat and two veg, then?’

PUBLICAN: ‘Dunno, mate – should be here by now.’

REGULAR 2: ‘Must be doing a Harry!’

( – All laugh – )

REGULAR 1: ‘Put one in the wood for him, then – and yourself?’

PUBLICAN: ‘I’ll have one for Ron, thanks.’

 

To decode this conversation, you would need to know that the initial question about ‘meat and two veg’ was not a request for a meal, but an enquiry as to the whereabouts of another regular, nicknamed ‘Meat-and-two-veg’ because of his rather stolid, conservative nature (meat with two vegetables being the most traditional, unadventurous English meal).

 

One would also have to know that ‘doing a Harry’, in this pub, is code for ‘getting lost’, Harry being another regular, a somewhat absent-minded man, who once, three years ago, managed to get lost on his way to the pub, and is still teased about the incident. ‘Put one in the wood for him’ is a local version of a more common pub-talk expression, meaning ‘reserve a pint of beer to give him when he arrives, which I will pay for now’

 

So, coded pub-talk facilitates social bonding and reinforces egalitarian values. There are aspects of this pub-talk that do seem to be identifiably English, such as the celebration of eccentricity, the constant undercurrent of humour, the wit and linguistic inventiveness. But the ‘universal’ features of facilitation of bonding and egalitarianism are distinctive here only in the degree to which they deviate from the mainstream culture – which is characterized by greater reserve and social inhibition, and more pervasive and acute class-consciousness, than many other societies.

 

The Rules of the Pub-argument

 

Arguing is probably the most popular form of conversation in pubs, particularly among males, and pub-arguments may often appear quite heated. The majority, however, are conducted in accordance with a strict code of etiquette, based on what must be regarded as the First Commandment of pub law: ‘Thou shalt not take things too seriously’.

 

It is collectively understood, although never stated, that the pub-argument (like the Mine’s Better Than Yours ritual described earlier) is essentially an enjoyable game. Regulars will frequently start an argument about anything, or nothing, just for the fun of it.

 

Pubgoers have a knack for generating disputes out of thin air. Like despairing auctioneers taking bids from ‘phantom’ buyers, they will vehemently refute a statement nobody has made, or tell a silent companion to shut up. They get away with this because other regulars are also looking for a good excuse to argue. The following example, recorded in my own local pub, is typical:

 

REGULAR 1: (accusingly): ‘What?’

REGULAR 2: (puzzled): ‘I didn’t say anything.’

REGULAR 1: ‘Yes you did!’

REGULAR 2: (still bemused): ‘No I didn’t!’

REGULAR 1: (belligerent): ‘You did, you said it was my round – and it’s not my round!’

REGULAR 2: (entering into the spirit of things): ‘I didn’t bloody say anything, but now you come to mention it, it is your round!’

REGULAR 1: (mock-outraged): ‘Bollocks – it’s Joey’s round!’

REGULAR 2: (taunting): Then why are you hassling me about it, eh?’

REGULAR 1: (now thoroughly enjoying himself): ‘I’m not – you started it!’

REGULAR 2: (ditto): ‘Didn’t!’

REGULAR 1: ‘Did!’

 

The pub-argument allows (English males) to show interest in one another, to express emotion, to reveal their personal beliefs, attitudes and aspirations – and to discover those of their companions.

 

The Free-association Rule

 

In the pub, even sticking to the same subject for more than a few minutes may sometimes be taken as a sign of excessive seriousness.

The free-association rule allows pub-talk to move in a mysterious way – mostly in apparently random sideways leaps. A comment about the weather somehow triggers a brief argument about football, which prompts a prediction about the fate of a television soap-opera character, which leads to a discussion of a current political scandal, which provokes some banter about the sex-life of the barman, which is interrupted by a regular demanding immediate assistance with a crossword clue, which in turn leads to a comment about the latest health-scare, which somehow turns into a debate about another regular’s broken watch-strap, which sets off a friendly dispute about whose round it is, and so on. You can sometimes see a sort of vague logic in some of the connections, but most topic-shifts are accidental, prompted by participants free-associating with a random word or phrase.

The free-association rule is not just a matter of avoidance of seriousness. It is a licence to deviate from conventional social norms, to let one’s guard down a bit. Among the English, this kind of loose, easy, disordered, haphazard conversation, in which people feel relaxed and comfortable enough to say more or less whatever occurs to them, is only normally found among close friends or family. In the pub, however, I found that free-association talk seems to occur naturally even among people who do not know each other. It is most common among regulars, but at the bar counter, strangers can easily be drawn in to the rambling chat. In any case, it must be understood here that people who regularly frequent the same pub are not necessarily, or even normally, close friends in the usual sense of the term. It is very rare for fellow regulars to invite each other to their homes, for example, even when they have been meeting and sharing their random thoughts every day for many years.

WRITE A DIALOGUE WITH THE WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS BELOW. TOPIC: YOU ARE TRYING TO BECOME FRIENDS WITH SOMEONE

 

bonding

bar counter

rampant

tilt

egalitarian

get a move on

inhibition

over-emphasized

strike someone as

bellow

to get away with this

reinforce

 

 

WRITE A COMPOSITION WITH THE WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS BELOW. 

TOPIC: HOW CAN YOU BECOME FRIENDS WITH SOMEONE YOU LIKE?

 

novice

eavesdrop

pour

blatant

to take bids

belligerent

bemused

to do smth for the fun of it

vehemently

despairing

have a knack for

out of thin air

(mind your) Ps and Qs

 

CHAPTER 7

HOME RULES

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