Prevention and treatment of Caries.
ФОНД ВОПРОСОВ К ЭКЗАМЕНУ ДЛЯ ОБУЧАЮЩИХСЯ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ФАКУЛЬТЕТА
Уч.г.)
ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ НАВЫКИ
I. THE STRUCTURE OF TEETH
1. What does a tooth consist of?
2. What layers is every tooth composed of?
3. What is enamel? What does it consist of?
4. What is cementum? What part of a tooth does cementum cover?
5. What part of a tooth does dentine occupy?
6. What does the pulp contain? What is responsible for pain when a tooth is drilled?
7. What is the alveolar process covered with? What is the periodontal membrane?
The Structure of the teeth
1.Every tooth consists of crown, a neck and root.
The junction of crown and root is called a neck.
The end of the root is called the apex.
Every tooth is composed of enamel, dentine, cementum and pulp.
2. Enamel is the outer covering of the crown.
Enamel is hardest substance in the body.
Enamel consists of long solid rods, called enamel prisms, cemented together by the interprismatic substance.
3. Cementum is the outer covering of the root.
Cementum meets enamel at the neck of the root.
4. Dentine occupies the interior of the crown and root.
Dentine is sensitive to pain.
5. Unlike enamel, dentine and cementum, the pulp is soft tissue.
The pulp contains blood vessels and nerves.
The pulp occupies the center of the dentine.
Vessels and nerves of the pulp enter the root apex through the apical foramen and pass up the root canal into the crown.
The space occupied by the pulp is called the pulp chamber.
The nerves of the pulp are responsible for pain felt when dentine is drilled or toothache occurs.
6. The tooth is inserted into the jaw by its root.
7. The alveolar process is covered with a soft tissue called gum.
A tooth is attached to its socket in the jaw by soft fibrous tissue.
It is called the periodontal membrane. This acts as a shock absorber.
II. FIRST AND SECOND DENTITION
1. How many sets of teeth are developed during life? What are they?
2. How many deciduous teeth are there in the baby’s oral cavity? What are they?
3. When do deciduous teeth erupt?
4. How many permanent teeth are there in the human oral cavity? What are they?
5. When do permanent incisors premolars and molars erupt?
|
|
|
6. When are the deciduous teeth lost? What are they replaced by?
7. How does eruption of permanent teeth occur?
First and second dentition
1. The deciduous teeth are the first set of teeth.
2. There are twenty of them: ten in each jaw with five on each side.
3. There are four incisors (two central and two lateral), two canines and four molars.
4. Teeth start developing inside the jaws before birth.
5. Teeth erupt after birth.
6. Eruption start at six month and is completed at two years.
7. Permanent teeth are the second set of teeth. There are thirty two of them: sixteen in each jaw, eight on each side.
8. Eruption of permanent teeth commences at six years of age and is completed at 18-25 years of age.
9. Incisors erupt at 7-8 years of age, premolars erupt at 10-11 years of age.
10. The deciduous teeth loosen and are shed. These are replaced by permanent successors.
11. Deciduous molars are replaced by premolars. Permanent molars erupt without having any deciduous predecessors.
12. Deciduous teeth become loose by resorption of their roots, which deprives them of their attachment to the jaws.
13. The unerupted permanent successors lie adjacent to the absorbing deciduous roots.
14. They are able to erupt into their places when the deciduous teeth are finally shed.
III. BASHKIR MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
1. How many faculties are there in the university? What are they?
2. What subjects do the students study during the first two years?
3. What clinical subjects does the curriculum include?
4. What facilities do the students have for their life and studies?
5. What must the students do to pass examinations successfully?
When do the students take examinations and have credit tests?
6. What can you say about your group?
The Bashkir Medical University
The Bashkir Medical University was founded in 1932. It trains doctors of different specialities: therapeutists, surgeons, gynecologists, obstetricians, pediatricians, oculists, psychiatrists, , traumatologists, orthopedists, stomatologists, neurologists, cardiologists, dermatologists and many others.
|
|
|
There are six faculties in our university – the faculty of general medicine, the faculty of pediatrics, the faculty of dentistry, the faculty of pharmacy, the faculty of preventive medicine and the faculty of microbiology.
The first-year curriculum includes such pre-clinical subjects as anatomy, physiology, biology, chemistry, physics, histology, biochemistry, Latin, English and others. Anatomy is the most important subject in the first year.
During the first two years the students get acquainted with the structure of the human body, the functions of different organs and all the processes which take place in the body.
From the third year medical students begin to study clinical subjects such as surgery, therapy, , obstetrics, gynecology, infectious diseases, skin diseases, eye diseases, traumatology, orthopedics, psychiatry.
The students have all facilities for their life and study. There are four hostels, a lot of laboratories, a big library, reading-rooms, canteens in our university.
There are over 60 departments in our university. The teaching staff of our university consists of professors, assistant professors, assistants, lecturers and research associates.
Every day the students attend practical classes and lectures in numerous subjects. They perform different laboratory works. It is useful for the students to listen to the lectures because the professors deliver them clearly and in an interesting way.
There are two terms in the first year. Each term lasts for about 16-19 week. At the end of each term the students take examinations and have several credit tests. It is necessary for the students to work hard during the whole academic year if they want to pass their examinations successfully.
Let me tell you about our group. There are 13 students in our group. All of us attend our classes regularly and never miss the lectures. We are happy that education is free of charge in our country. Most of us receive stipends and have all the necessary textbooks, which we get from the library.
IV. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
|
|
|
OF CARIES
1. What is caries?
2. What measures can prevention of caries be achieved bу?
3. In what cases is the source of acid formation lost?
4. What is the best way of personally preventing caries?
5. What will untreated cases of caries cause?
6. What is the object of treatment?
7. When is conservative treatment undertaken?
Prevention and treatment of Caries.
Caries is a breakdown of tooth structure.
Caries is caused by acid produced from carbohydrate food debris left on the teeth after meals.
Prevention of caries can be achieved by removal of carbohydrate debris to prevent acid forming.
If carbohydrate is cleaned off the teeth after meals, caries will not occur.
Cleaning of teeth will ensure a considerable reduction in the incidence of caries.
Teeth may be cleaned with a toothbrush or detergent food.
The detergent food scours the teeth clean of food debris.
The best way of preventing caries is to clean the teeth immediately after every meal.
Another way of preventing caries is avoiding snacks between meals.
If caries is untreated, it will cause toothache.
The object of treatment is to stop caries , prevent or cure pain.
The type of treatment depends on the health of the pulp.
If the pulp is the vital the tooth can be filled.
If the pulp is inflamed, treatment is by extraction of root canal therapy. No drug can cure caries and nothing can make the lost tooth structure grow again.
The best that can be achieved is the removal of all carious enamel and dentine and replacement by a filling.
To prevent a recurrence of the caries on the surface being filled, the cavity is extended to remove any other stagnation areas.
V. PERIODONTAL DISEASE
1. What structure does periodontal disease affect?
2. What is the earliest stage of periodontal disease ?
3. What happens if it spreads?
4. What is periodontal disease caused by?
|
|
|
5. What does stagnating food debris form?
6. What is tartar and where is it formed?
7. What factors are responsible for calculus formation?
8. In what cases does the gum become swollen?
Periodontal Disease
1.Periodontal disease affects the supporting structures of the teeth. These are the gums ,periodontal membrane and alveolar bone.
2.The earliest stage of the disease is chronic gingivitis which is a chronic inflammation involving the gums alone.
3.The disease spreads to the underlying periodontal membrane and alveolar bone.
4.They are gradually destroyed and the teeth become very loose. The late stage is called chronic periodontitis.
5.Periodontal disease is caused by accumulation of food debris at the gum margin.
6.This stagnating food debris forms a film, called plaque. It attracts bacteria and gives rise to inflammation of the gum margin
7.At the same time, calculus formation occurs below the gum margin. Calculus is a hard deposit seen on the lingual surface on the lower incisors.
8.Three factors are necessary for its formation – food debris, bacteria and saliva.
9.Subgingival calculus occurs in a tiny crevice which is normally present between the gum margin and neck of the tooth.
10. The combined effect of the plaque and subgingival calculus in this gingival crevice irritate the gum and produce a chronic gingivitis.In this condition the gum becomes swollen, enlarging the gingival crevice.
11.Further deposits of plaque and calculus are thereby formed; and these irritants keep up the inflammation.
12.Calculus ulcerates the gum and bleeding occurs on the slightest pressure.
13.The poisons soak through the ulcers to commence destruction of the periodontal membrane and alveolar bone.The gingival pocket deepens, thus further aggravating the condition.
14.If no treatment is provided, so much bone is lost that the teeth eventually become too loose.
VI. ORAL HYGIENE.TOOTHBRUSHING.
1. What do most dental disorders arise from?
2. What does food stagnation cause?
3. What are the methods of prevention dental diseases?
4. What measures does oral hygiene include?
5. Why is cleaning of teeth best performed by brushing?
6. What detergent food can you name?
7. What toothbrush is the most effective?
8. How are buccal, lingual,occlusal, mesial and distal surfaces cleaned?
Дата добавления: 2019-02-26; просмотров: 660; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!