Read an extract from the introduction of a paper about the ability of lichens and microbes to survive in deep space. How many of the questions in Exercise 2 can you answer?
Recent advances in space technology (1)______(provide) the possibility of studying the survival of different microorganisms in the harsh environment of space (Demets et al., 2005; Baglioni et al., 2007). So far, lichens (2) ________(be) the only organisms able to survive exposure to such extreme conditions (Sancho etal., 2007; de los Rios etal., 2010).
It is believed that, if sufficiently protected by meteorite-like material, microorganisms may also survive the journey through space. However, Brandstatter et al. (2008) (3)__ (report) that microorganisms embedded in 2 cm thick rocks on the outer surface of a re-entry capsule, simulating the entry of a meteorite, (4)_______ (not survive).
The aim of this work (5)________(be) to obtain further information on the resistance of rock-colonising microbial communities and lichens to outer space conditions, during the Biopan-6 flight of ESA on board a Russian Foton satellite.
Complete the following summary on variables using the words in the box.
| affects collecting controlled data dependent independent |
How much a variable (1)______a relationship can be discovered by (2)_______experimental (3)_______on changes to the relationship as the variable is changed. In an experiment, there will be: one (4)______variable - this is the feature you are measuring; one or more (5)_______ variables - these are the variables which you change; one or more (6)________variables - these are not being tested and
so they stay the same.
Match the instruments (1-8) to the pictures (a-h).
| 1. calipers | 3. geiger counter | 5. litmus paper | 7. seismograph |
| 2. dynamometer | 4. interferometer | 6. oscilloscope | 8. spectrometer |
What meaning do the following suffixes add to the words in Exercise 7?
-graph -meter -scope
Complete the table below using the extract from the following research paper to help you.
A promising candidate among the different adsorbent materials are activated carbons. Through activation, highly porous materials can be prepared. Due to their high porosity, activated carbon materials are able to adsorb large amounts of hydrogen. Following adsorption, hydrogen molecules can be found at two possible locations: (1) on the surface of the adsorbent, or (2) as a compressed gas in the void space between adsorbent particles. (adapted from Konowsky et al. 2009)
| noun | verb | adjective |
| compression | compress | |
| adsorb | ||
| activate | ||
| porous |
|
|
|
The gapped words below all describe physical or chemical properties of substances. The meaning of each word is given on the right. Complete the words with the correct vowels (a, e, i, o, u)
| 1. br_ttl_n_ss | how easily something can be broken |
| 2. c_p_c_t_nc_ | how well something holds an electrical charge |
| 3. c_nc_ntr_t n | how much of one substance is found in another |
| 4. c_nd_ct_v_ty | how well something allows heat or electricity to go through it |
| 5. d_ns_ty | how much mass a given volume of a substance has |
| 6. fl_mm_b_l_ty | how easily something burns |
| 7. l_m_n_nc_ | how much light passes through or comes from a substance |
| 8. m_ss | how much matter is in a solid object or in any volume of liquid or gas |
| 9. p_rm__b_l_ty | how easily gases or liquids go through a substance |
| 10. p_r_s_ty 11. pr_ss_r_ | how many small holes are in a substance how much force a liquid or gas produces when it presses against an area |
| 12. r__ct_v_ty | how easily a chemical substance reacts |
| 13. s_l_b_l_ty | how easily something can be dissolved to form a solution |
| 14. v_l_c_ty | how quickly an object is travelling |
| 15. v_sc_s_ty | how thick a liquid is |
| 16. v_l_m_ | how much space is contained within an object or solid shape |
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