Cohesion vs coherence vs deixis
Coherence – semantic or topical unity of the spoken or written T.=>S-ces are usually connected by the same general topic. Coher.is achieved by means of the theme and rheme progression.
Cohesion may be divided into:
- textual – m.b. achieved by some formal means,which express conj.relations & serve as T.connectors
- lexical – takes place, when 2 words in the T. are semantically related in the same way. They are related in terms of their meaning. 2 major categories of lexical cohesion:
1. Reiteration – repetition 2. Collocation – all items in the text that are semantically related. (These items may be related in 1 text and not related in the other)
Deixis – Identification by pointing. Deictic expressions – pronouns, time&place adv., some verbs of motion (come, go). Deictic terms are used to refer to ourselves, to others & to the obj.of environment. Used to locate actions in time and can show social relationship. 5 types of deictic markers:
-Person – refers to gram.markers of communicational roles in the speech event
-Place – refers to how lang-s show their rel-ship b-n space & location of participants in the text.
-Time – time, which is relevant to the time of speaking.
- textual & social markers
№25. Pragmatics in grammar
The term pragmatics was first introduced by Charles Morris, a philosopher. He contrasts pragmatics with semantics and syntax . He claims that syntax in the study of the grammatical relations of linguistic units, to one another and the gram. structure of phrases and sentences. These gram. relations of semantics is the study of the relations of linguistic units to the objects they denote and pragmatics is the study the relations of linguistic units to people who communicate. This view of pragmatics is too broad because acc. to it pragmatics may have any human activity involving language and this includes almost all human activities.
We will proceed with the statement that linguistic pragmatics is the study of the ability of the language uses to contrast sentences and use them in the context which they would find appropriate.
In our everyday life we play different roles ( a teacher, a student, a client). But when playing different roles, our language means are not the same. We choose words and expressions that are suitable for this vary situation.
- What are you doing here?
- What the hell are you doing here?
These too sentences have the same meaning, but their pragmatic meaning is different because they are used in different cases. Besides each utterance combines in itself a propositional base( objective base), pragmatic component (subjective part).
We may take any propositional context to show that it can have different pragmatic component.
It’s hot.(Explanation, excuse, mentioning of the fact, intention to do smth about it.)
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