Independent elements of the sentences
They are not grammatically dependent on any particular part of the sentence, they refer to the sentence as a whole. There are 2 groups of independent elements:
Apposition is a substance modifier of the subject
Anton Chekhov, the famous Russian writer, was born in Taganrog.
“the famous Russian writer” is an apposition.
5) Direct address is a modifier of the destination of the whole sentence; a name of a person to whom the rest of the sentence is addressed
Mary, look at the blackboard
They can be expressed in different ways
-as a modal verb: Perhaps he loves her
-as an interjection: You like her, eh?
-as a conjunction: Besides, he doesn’t love her
-as a phrase: In my opinion, he loves her
Parenthesis is a detached speaker-bound modifier:
-expresses the speaker’s attitude (Oh, I can’t)
-connects the sentence with the preceding or the following one (Finally, I must say…)
-specifies what is said or expresses a comment (Frankly speaking,…)
Interjection is a word used to express an emotion or sentiment on the part of the speaker
"Excuse me!", "Sorry!", "No thank you!", "Oh dear!", "Hey!"
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