EXERCISE 24a — Complete the sentences with phrasal verbs from this section. Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense.
1. You're driving too fast. Please ________ ________.
2. ________ ________ that bottle of salad dressing before you open it.
3. The real estate agent says he thinks the sellers will ______ ______ a little in their asking price.
4. My new car cost $24,000, but I ________ my old car ________ for $15,000.
5. Jim is upstairs. Ask him to ________ ________ here for a minute, okay?
6. ______ ______ in London for a few days on your way to India is a good way to get over jet lag.
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7. I was pretty ________ ________ by the news, but now I'm okay.
8. Luis ________ his new car ________ to his friends yesterday.
9. The bombing continued for four days before it finally ________ ________.
10. Leticia used to be rich, but she lost all her money gambling, and now she can't even pay her bills. She's really ________ ________ in life.
11. When you finish writing that story, ________ it ________ and give it to me. I want to read it.
12. This company was losing money until the new owners came in and _______ things ________.
13. I have to clean the house because Pat and Mike might ________ ________ tonight.
EXERCISE 24b — Complete the sentences with nouns from this section.
1. I worked for my company for thirty-one years before I got fired in the big ________.
2. I had a four-hour ___________ in Los Angeles on my way to Hawaii.
3. Nicole used to have her own company, and now she's driving a taxi. That's quite a ________.
4. The wind blew all night without any ____________.
5. New car dealers usually have a lot of ___________ for sale at low prices.
6. The snow caused a big ____________ on the interstate this morning.
7. After the computer finished with the data, I took the ____________ upstairs to the sales department.
8. He's lost a lot of weight, and now he wears really tight pants everyday. What a _________ he is.
EXERCISE 24c — Write three sentences using the objects in parentheses. Be sure to put the objects in the right place.
1. The rain slowed down. (traffic/it)
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
2. He printed out. (his letter, it)
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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3. The bad news has shaken up. (Jim and Nancy, them) ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
4. I got $5,000 for trading in. (my old car, it) ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
5. Chelsea's parents showed off. (her perfect report card, it) ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 24d — Write answers to the questions using phrasal verbs, participle adjectives, and nouns from this section. Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense.
1. After the computer finished the calculations,! printed the answers on a piece of paper. What did I do?
2. In Question 1,what would you call the paper with the answers?
3. Todd's friend in Minnesota is going to visit Todd in New Orleans. What is Todd's friend going to do?
4. Ned walks around without a shirt so the girls can see his muscles. What does Ned do?
5. In Question 4, what is Ned?
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6. When I buy my new car, I'll give the dealer my old car so that I can get a lower price on the new car. What will I do with my old car?
7. In Question 6, what would you call my old car?
8. The new boss fired a lot of employees, hired new employees, and made a lot of changes. What did the new boss do?
9. In Question 8, what would you call what the new boss did?
0. Sandra used to be married to a prince, but now she's divorced and broke. What has Sandra done?
1. In Question 10, what would you call what happened to Sandra?
12. It rained for two weeks straight before it stopped. What did the rain do?
13. In Question 12, what would you call what the rain did?
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4. There was a big accident on the highway yesterday morning, and traffic was awful. What did the accident do to the traffic?
5. In Question 14, what would you call the traffic situation?
16. You flew from Denver to Miami, but you had to spend a few hours in Atlanta on the way. What did you do in Atlanta?
17. In Question 16, what would you call my visit to Atlanta?
18. Mike saw a terrible accident this morning while he was driving, and it upset him a lot. What did the accident do to Mike?
19. In Question 18, how would you describe Mike after he saw the accident?
EXERCISE 24e, Review — Complete the sentences with these nouns from previous sections. To check their meanings, review the section number given after each one.
backup, 11 drop-off, 11 follow-up, 11 tryout, 11 crackdown, 23 dropout, 23 lineup, 18 workout, 11
1. The doctor said I was cured, but he wants me to see him in a year for a __________.
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2. Drugs are getting to be a big problem in my son's school. I think it's time for a ________.
3. When I was nineteen, I was a _____________ with no future, but then I got smart and finished school.
4. After the accident, the human cannonball was dropped from the circus ____________.
5. The ______________ for the basketball team will be next Saturday at 10:00 a.m.
6. Janice just got back from the gym, and she's really exhausted from her ____________.
7. I use the program on the hard disk, but I have a ______________ on a floppy.
8. Business at the restaurant used to be good, but there was a big ______________ after that case of food poisoning.
EXERCISE 24f, Review — Complete the sentences with these phrasal verbs from previous sections. Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense. To check their meanings, review the section number given after each one.
| bring over, 19 | go beyond, 18 | look around, 21 | tell on, 15 |
| cool off, 19 | hang up, 9 | settle down, 21 | watch out, 23 |
| count up, 22 | hold out, 23 | stay out, 23 | wipe up, 22 |
| figure on, 18 | lift up, 19 | step on, 21 |
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1. Young man, if you don't________________ of trouble at school, I'm going to send
you to military school!
2. These suitcases are so heavy I can barely ________ them ________.
3. A good history book doesn't simply tell you what happened, it ________ ________.
that and tells you why.
4. Todd got in trouble with his mother after he broke a window and his sister________ ________ him.
5. If you're going to that bad neighborhood late at night, please be careful and ________ ________ for muggers.
6. That museum is huge. If you want to see everything, you should ________ _______ spending the entire day there.
7. This coffee's way too hot. Can you get me an ice cube so I can _______ it _______?
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8. That company wants to hire me, but I'm ________ ________ for more money.
9. My brother is going to visit tonight, and he's ________ his fiancee ________.
10. I've never been to this store before; I want to _____ _____ and see what they have.
11. My husband was very angry when our thirteen-year-old daughter came home at 4:00 in the morning, so I told him to ________ ________ and let me talk to her.
12. We had only twenty minutes to get to the airport, so we told the taxi driver to _______ ________it.
13. After the votes were ______ _______, Senator Dolittle was declared the winner.
14. Timmy, get a paper towel and ______ ______ this juice you spilled on the floor.
15. Leticia said good-bye and ________ ________ the telephone.
25. FOCUS ON: phrasal verbs and have to, have got to, and must
Have to, have got to, and must have two important uses in English. One is familiar to most students, the other is not.
But before discussing that, let's pay special attention to have got to. Have to and have got to mean exactly the same thing. Both are commonly used, and both are acceptable standard English. Have to derives from have, and have got to derives from have got. So why the got in have got to? A good question. Got in have got to means nothing and serves no purpose whatever. Have got to is a unique, idiomatic variation of have to. There is no point in trying to understand the grammar of have got to because there isn't any. Like other idioms, it must simply be memorized. Though have to and have got to mean the same thing, their forms are different, especially in questions and negative sentences. In the examples below, the contracted forms are the most common in everyday spoken English:
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| statement: | You haveto come down. | You havegotto come down. |
| You haveto come down. | You'vegotto come down. | |
| question: | Do you haveto come down? | Have you gotto come down? |
| negative: | You donothaveto come down. | You havenotgotto come down. |
| You don'thaveto come down. | You haven'tgotto come down. |
Requirement
Have to, have got to, and must are both used to say that something is required, necessary, mandatory — there is no choice in the matter:
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You have to make up the test.
You've got to make up the test.
You must make up the test.
Although most students learn this use of must early in their studies, it is actually the least common way to use must. Both have to and have got to are much more commonly used for this purpose.
Near certainty
The other important use of have to, have got to, and must is to say that something is 99 percent certain — that based on the facts and based on what we see and know, no other conclusion is possible about something. We are 99 percent certain, and all we need is confirmation to be 100 percent certain:
Janice, you have been working for 12 hours without a break. You have to be tired. (A logical assumption, but until Janice confirms that she is tired, the speaker cannot be 100 percent certain.)
/ would never take that book out of this room. It's got to be here somewhere. (A logical assumption, but until the speaker finds the book, he cannot be 100 percent certain that it is in the room.) That man is from Japan. I've never spoken with him, but he must speak Japanese. (A logical assumption, but until the speaker hears the man speaking Japanese, he cannot be 100 percent certain.)
When have to, have got to, and must are used in this way, it is must that is more common than the others. Have to and have got to, when used for this purpose, have greater emphasis and are used for dramatic effect:
Mark hasto be the biggest idiot in the entire world.
Where is Lydia? She'sgotto be here somewhere.
Infinitive____________________________________________
present tense -ing form past tense past participle
Do with
1. do with p.v. [used only in the infinitive form] When you say that one thing has something to do with another, you mean there is a connection between the two.
Don't blame me for what happened; I had nothing to do with it.
I'm not sure what this part does, but I think it must have something to do with the transmission.
Have on
have on & has on having on had on had on
1. have... on p.v. When you wear something, such as an item of clothing, perfume, or cosmetics, you have it on.
Sally had red pants and a blue shirt on.
I didn't have a raincoat on, and I got all wet.
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2. have... on p.v. When you have an electrical device on, you are using it.
Last summer was so cool that we had the air conditioner on only two or three times.
What's that sound? Dan must have the radio on.
| Infinitive | ||||
| present tense | -ing form | past tense | past participle | |
| hurry up | ||||
| hurry up & hurries up | hurrying up | hurried up | hurried up | |
1. hurry up p.v. When you hurry up, you do something quickly.
Nicole has to hurry up if she's going to finish her work before 5:00.
If we don't hurry up, we're going to miss the beginning of the movie.
2. hurry... up p.v. When you hurry something up, you do it more quickly. When you hurry people up, you urge them to do something more quickly. When you say "Hurry up," to people, you are telling them to do something more quickly.
Everyone was really hungry, so I asked our cook to hurry dinner up.
There were only five minutes left to finish the test, so the teacher hurried the students up. Hurry up! I'm not going to wait for you all day.
Knock over
knock over & knocks over knocking over knocked over knocked over
1. knock... over p.v. When you knock people or things over, you use force to make them fall to a horizontal position.
The force of the explosion knocked me over.
The children were playing, and they knocked the lamp over.
Lighten up
lighten up & lightens up lightening up lightened up lightened up
1. lighten up (on) p.v. [informal] When you lighten up or lighten up on people, you become less harsh or less strict in your treatment of them.
You're awfully hard on your daughter. Maybe you ought to lighten up on her.
You've been criticizing me all day. Will you please lighten up?
2. lighten ...up p.v. When you lighten up, you change the subject of conversation from something serious to something more cheerful and pleasant.
Enough talk about business. Let's lighten things up around here. Lighten it up — you've been talking about death and taxes all night.
Plan ahead
plan ahead & plans ahead planning ahead planned ahead planned ahead
1. plan ahead p.v. When you plan ahead, you plan for a future situation or activity so that you will not have a problem then. Plan ahead is similar to think ahead.
Janice is a good manager. She always plans ahead in case there's a problem.
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Plan ahead — you don't want any problems when you're 200 miles from the nearest town.
| Infinitive | ||||
| present tense | -ing form | past tense | past participle | |
| settle for | ||||
| settle for & settles for | settling for | settled for | settled for | |
1. settle for p.v. When you settle for something, you accept it even though it may not be exactly what you want or need.
The strikers wanted an 8 percent pay increase, but they settled for 5 percent.
Dr. Smith has very high standards. He won't settle for second best.
Think up
think up & thinks up thinking up thought up thought up
1. think... up p.v. When you think up something, such as an idea, solution, or plan, you use your imagination to create it.
/ have to think up a way to solve this problem.
Maria thought up a great way to make some extra money.
Stop worrying — I'll think something up.
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