Complex sentences with nominal clauses.
Complex sentence has 2 or more clauses (main & subordinate)
1. A subject clause functions as subject of the main clause which has no subject of its own. It can be introduced by conjunctions (that, if, whether, because, the way, whether … or), conjunctive pronouns (who, whoever, what, whatever, which) or conjunctive adverbs (where, wherever, when, whenever, how, why).
May be of two patterns: When a subject clause precedes the predicate of the main clause: What caused the accident was a mystery. When a subject clause is in final position, the usual place of the subject being occupied by formal introductory it: It makes me sick the way she’s always complaining.
2. A predicative / complement clause functions as predicative/subject complement to the link/copular verb within the main clause. It may be introduced by conjunctions (that, whether, whether …or, as, as if, as though, because, lest, the way), conjunctive pronouns (who, whoever, what, whatever, which), conjunctive adverbs (where, wherever, when, whenever, how, why.) The predicative clause may follow the main clause in which the subject is expressed by the impersonal pronoun it. In this case the predicative clause describes the situation either directly or by means of comparison. It appears that I was wrong.
3. An object clause refers to verbs in different forms and functions, to adjectives, statives and occasionally to nouns. It may be introduced by conjunctions (that, if, whether, whether..or, lest), conjunctive pronouns (who, whoever, what, whatever, which), conjunctive adverbs (where, wherever, when, whenever, how, why.) He left wondering what had really happened.
Complex sentences with attributive clauses.
Complex sentence has 2 or more clauses (main & subordinate)
Attributive/relative clauses function as modifiers to a word of nominal character, which is generally called the antecedent. The two major types of relative clausesare restrictive/ defining relative clauses and non-restrictive/ non-defining relative clauses.
Restrictive/defining clauses identify more closely what the noun refers to. They are essential to the meaning and could not be eliminated, arn’t separated by a comma. Can be divided into: particularizing and classifying. A partic clause (тот самый, который) restricts the meaning of the antecedent by establishing a reference to a particular person or thing. Do you know the people who live next door& A classif cl (всякий, каждый из) the meaning of the antecedent by establishing a reference to a certain class of persons or things. Ind art is used She lectured on a topic I know little about. who? that, whom,which are used.
Non-defining relative clauses give further information which is not needed to identify the person, thing or group you are talking about. Non-defining relative clauses are usually separated by commas or dashes. These clauses are used mainly in writing rather than in speech.
Relative clauses after names and nouns modified by possessive and demonstrative pronouns are normally non-defining. My car, which I bought only last year, needs repairing.
Oblique moods in nominal clauses.
Oblique mood forms (Subjunctive II, Conditional and Suppositional) distinguish the categories of aspect, correlation and voice, but they have no tense category.
1.In attributive clauses after the expressions It is time, It is high time, It is about time: It's time I made up my mind.
In attributive clauses only non-perfect Subjunctive II is used.
2.In predicative clauses introduced by the conjunctions as if, as though. The predicative clauses with Subjunctive II immediately follow the link verbs be, seem, look, feel, sound: It was as if she were trying to tell him something. (simultaneous action) / feel as though I had never been away, (prior action)
3.In object clauses after the verb to wish and the modal phrase would rather:
I wish we were both about ten years older than we are. (simultaneous action) / wish I hadn't come, (prior action)
Sentences with wish-clauses express regret.
Would + Infinitive is possible only when the subject of the subordinate clause and that of the principal clause do not denote the same thing or person. The whole sentence expresses a kind of request. Would +Infinitive shows that the fulfillment of the wish depends on the will of the person denoted by the subject of the subordinate clause:
Iwish you would treat me better.
The Conditional Mood is used to denote unreal actions in simple sentences:
a)with an adverbial modifier of condition expressed by a but for-phrase He would not have come, but for me.
b)with implied condition:I wouldn't waste my time on rubbish in your place. (condition is implied in the phrase in your place
c)to sound polite, less straightforward. Here the Conditional
Mood differs from the Indicative only stylistically, the perfect Conditional expressing the highest degree of politeness:I should very much object to you reading trashy novels.(= I very much object ...)
34. Complex sentences with adverbial clauses
Complex sentence has 2 or more clauses (main & subordinate)
According to their semantics we distinguish adverbial clauses of place, time, manner, comparison, condition, concession, purpose, cause, result. 1. An adverbial clause of place defines the place or the direction of the action expressed in the principal clause. It may be introduced by the conjunctions where, whence, wherever, everywhere (that) and conjunctive adverbs with prepositions. He said he was happy where he was. 2. An adverbial clause of time characterizes the action expressed in the main clause from the temporal point of view. An adverbial clause of time may be introduced by conjunctions: as, as soon as, as long as, when, whenever,, until, after, before, since and phrasal conjunctions: the time (that), the day (that), the moment, He saw her as he was getting of f the bus 3. An adverbial clause of manner characterizes actions, states, qualities, circumstances. 4. An adverbial clause of comparison., 5. An adverbial clause of condition , 6. An adverbial clause of concession, 7. An adverbial clause of , 8. An adverbial clause of cause expresses the reason, cause, or motivation of the action expressed in the main clause or of its content as a whole., 9. An adverbial clause of result denotes some consequences or result of the action expressed in the main clause. It may be introduced by the conjunctions so that or that. Result clauses always come after the main clause. (He spoke so clearly that we could understand every word.)
Дата добавления: 2019-02-12; просмотров: 697; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!