The use of article with nouns in some sintactic functions.
The use of articles depends on the syntactic function of a noun in the sentence.
1. A noun in the subject position is usually preceded by the definite article in its specifying function, or by either of the articles in their generic function. (The way was long. The wind was cold.)
2. With the noun functioning as an object any article can be used depending on how the speaker formulates his thought
3. The use of the article with nouns in the function of an adverbial modifier depends partly on the type of adverbial modifier. In adverbial modifiers of place the definite article is used in its specifying function to identify the exact place. Jane is in the garden.
4. In attributes the indefinite article is used to emphasize the importance and novelty of the noun mentioned.
21. VERB COMPLEMENTATION. Intransitive & monotr. verbs.
INTRANSITIVE VERBS denote actions and events which involve only one person or thing, the performer of the action. Intransitive verbs can be divided into two main classes:1) Pure intransitives, which are almost exclusively intransitive, such as appear, fade, rise, rain.
2) Verbs used both transitively and intransitively. a)Some transitive verbs in very restricted contexts can be
used intransitively. For example, when you are contrasting two actions: We gave, he took. b)Some verbs can be used transitively, followed by the object, or intransitively, without the original performer being mentioned. I opened the door and saw Laura. Suddenly the door opened. These verbs are called ergative verbs (The porridge is boiling.) MONOTRANSITIVE VERBS describe events which in addition to the subject involve someone or something else. These verbs take one object (a direct object or a prepositional object). A list of some verbs which are monotransitive: achieve, create, maintain, rent, damage, get.
23. VERB COMPLEMENTATION. Ditransitive and copular verbs
Ditransitive verbs take two objects, a direct object and an indirect one. These verbs denote actions which involve someone in addition to the people or things that are the subject and object of the sentence. Ditransitive verbs can also take one object followed by a predicate complement: It reminds me of Italy
COPULAR VERBS The most common copular (link verb) is be. Other verbs used as copulas in English provide additional meaning to mere linking.They may be sensory (look, feel, smell, sound, taste); situational (remain, keep, seem, appear) or refer to a process of becoming or changing (become, get, grow).
Get is normal with imperatives referring to a temporary personal condition, as in angry. Don't get excited.
Become is normal with more abstract characteristics. He became ambitious.
Idiomatic expressions with come include:. The buttons on my coat came undone.
Fall denotes passing into a new state or condition.
Go shows passing into a different, often less favorable state (her hair's going grey. The milk went sour.)
Run can be used to show developing or passing into the stated condition. (The well has run dry.)
The Object.
The Object is a part of sentence which typically refers to the participants different from the subject.
Objects: direct (He wrote the article) indirect (I'll show you the garden) prepositional (You can rely on Tom)
Complement: subject (Bill is a policeman) object (I found the map helpful) predicate (The fare costs $150.)
THE DIRECT OBJECT is the single prepositional object of a monotransitive verb ( I wrote a poem) or one of the two objects of a ditransitive verb that has no prepositional paraphrase (They sent me a telegram).
THE INDIRECT OBJECT is one of two objects of a ditransitive verb that has a prepositional paraphrase (They sent me a telegram. They sent a telegram to me). It become subject in a passive clause (I was sent a telegram).
COMPLEMENT
THE PREDICATE COMPLEMENT is the obligatory part of the clause which refers to the predicate.
ADverbials
1. From the POV of structure Adverbials may be optional (non-obligatory) or obligatory
OPTIONAL provide additional information; they are part of the structure of the sentence, but they are not assential to the structure (Sometimes the children played by the lake). OBLIGATORY when the sentence structure demands one or when their absence changes the meaning of the verb:
2) From point of view of their relation to the modified parts of the sentence, adverbials may be non-detached and detached DETACHED are more loosely related to the modified parts, they are never obligatory and separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.
3) From the point of view of their function, adv-s can be classified as conjuncts, disjuncts and adjunctsAdjunct provides additional information and is a part of the structure of the sentence ( Gwendolen did her work perfectly) Conjunct is an adv. whose function is to form a logical link between what is said in one sentence and what is said in the next. Disjunct is an adv. coming at the begining of the sentence and expressing the speaker's attitude towards the statement
Semantic classes: 1) of Place (where? where to? how far? where from?) 2) of Time * (when?how long?how often?) 3) of Manner, 4) of Cause(Reason) 5) of Purpose 6) of Result 7) of Condition 8) of Concession 9) of Attendant Circumstances and Subsequent Events (10) of Comparison
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