Meaning: an action is in progress during a particular time
| Present progressive | John is watching the football match right now. | Действие находится в процессе в настоящий момент. Сейчас 11 часов и Джон cмотрит по телевизору футбольный матч. |
| Past progressive | John was watching the football match when I arrived. | Действие находилось в процессе в определенный момент в прошлом. |
| Future progressive | John will be watching the film when we come | Действие будет находиться в процессе в определенный момент в прошлом. |
Упражнение 1. Используйте нужное время.
1. Mary can’t come to the phone because she (wash) ___ her hair.
2. Look. It (rain) _____.
3. Every morning the sun (shine) ------ in the window of our sitting-room.
4. As a rule, I (sleep) _________ until 6 o’clock in the morning, and then I (get) __________ up and (study) __________ for my classes.
5. Shhh. Grandpa (take) _____________a nap in the living room. We (want, not) _____________ to wake him up. He (need) _______ his rest.
6. Right now I (look) ________ at Janet. She (look) ________ angry. I wonder what’s the matter. She (have)___________ a frown on her face. She certainly (have/not)________ any fun right now.
7. I (want)_________ to figure out the meaning of this saying: “The pen is mightier than the sword”. I (know) ___________ that “mightier” (mean) __________ “ more powerful”, but what’s a “sword” ? What ‘sword” (mean)________________?
8. Right now I (look) _________around the classroom, Mary (write) ___________ in her book, Peter (bite) _________his pencil.
Упражнение 2. Используйте Present Simple или Present Progressive.
1. Give some examples of your daily habits.
2. Give some examples of “ timeless truth”.
3. Describe activities that are in progress in this classroom right now.
Упражнение 3. Используйте формы времен Continuous.
1. Where you (to go)? – I (to go) to the supermarket. I want to buy some food. 2. The Browns
(to come) to see us tonight. Go and buy some sweets and a cake. 3. Where is Ann? – She (to do) when flat. Tomorrow is Nick’s birthday. 4. What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday? – I (to draw) pictures for my little daughter. 5. You (to watch) TV? – No, I am not. – Switch it on at once. They (to show) your dancing group. 6. When I (to walk) in the park yesterday I saw a small dog who (to lie) under a tree and (to look) at me. I decided to take it home. 7. Tomorrow we’ll have a party. What dress you (to wear)? – I don’t know yet.
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Упражнение 4. Дайте краткие ответы на вопросы.
1. Am I speaking to Ann? 2. Are you buying anything? 3. Is he going shopping now? 4. Is she washing up in the kitchen? 5. Are we going out tonight? 6. Are you going my way? 7. Are they moving to a new house? 8. Was it speaking too long? 9. Were you driving too fast? 10. Was it raining in the morning? 11. Were they looking for something? 12. Shall I be seeing you tomorrow? 13. Will you be wearing your new dress? 14. Will she be waiting for you? 15. Will they be walking this way?
Упражнение 5. Используйте формы времен Continuous или Simple .
1. Father ___ morning newspapers. He always ___ morning newspapers at breakfast. (to look through) 2. You ___ now? – No, I never ___ on Saturday. (to go shopping) 3. She ___ a letter to our friend when I came. She ___ three letters to him last month. (to write) 4. What you ___ in the shop when I saw you? – I ___ a sweater. I ___ three sweaters, but none fitted. (to try on) 5. What you ___ at the party? – My evening frock, I think, I ___ not ___ it last time. (to wear) 6. What you ___ now? I always ___ news at this time. ( to watch) 7. We ___ tonight. We sometimes ___ on Sundays. (to dine out) 8. Where they ___ for the vacation? – Normally they ___ to the South. (to go).
Упражнение 6. Переведитена английский язык, используя времена группы Simpleили Continuous .
1. Сейчас студенты 2-й группы пишут тест. Студенты 1-й группы писали тест вчера с 10 до 12. Студенты нашей группы будут писать тест завтра в это же время. У нас всегда много тестов в конце семестра.
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2. Где твои родители? – Они работают в саду.
3. Вчера мы не поехали за город, потому что шел дождь.
4. В июне у нас будет практика. Мы будем очень заняты.
5. Когда родители пришли домой, дети спали.
6. Писатель заканчивает третью часть своей новой книги.
7. Не звоните мне вечером. Я буду смотреть рок-концерт по телевизору.
8. Он много читает? Что он читает сейчас?
9. Что вы говорите? Я вас плохо слышу.
10. Сейчас 6 часов утра. Анна встает. Она никогда не встает поздно.
11. Мы видели тебя вчера в автобусе. Ты разговаривала с подругой и не видела нас.
12. Через полчаса мы будем обедать. Приходи. Мама очень хорошо готовит.
13. Вчера днем он гулял в парке, не так ли?
14. Что вы будете делать завтра в это время?
Степени сравнения прилагательных
( Comparison degrees of adjectives )
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative | ||
| 1 – 2 syllables | ||||
| 0 | er | (the) est | ||
| clean | cleaner | the cleanest | ||
| sad | sadder | the saddest | ||
| early | earlier | the earliest | ||
| nice | nicer | the nicest | ||
| longer words | ||||
| 0 | more/less | (the) most/least | ||
| dangerous | more dangerous | the most dangerous | ||
| important | less important | the least important | ||
| Exceptions | ||||
| good | better | the best | ||
| bad | worse | the worst | ||
| little | less | the least | ||
| much/many | more | the most | ||
| far | farther further | the farthest the furthest | ||
| old | older elder | the oldest the eldest | ||
| late | later the latter | the latest the last | ||
| As…as, not so (as)…as, the… the…
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| Ann is as rich as Tom. | Энн такая же богатая, как Том. | |||
| Your computer is three times as expensive as mine. | Твой компьютер в три раза дороже моего. | |||
| Germany is not so big as Russia. | Германия не такая большая как Россия. | |||
| I spend more money than my brother. | Я трачу больше денег, чем мой брат. | |||
| The sooner…, the better… | Чем раньше…, тем лучше… | |||
Упражнение 1. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени следующих прилагательных.
a) sharp, long, small, young, old, few;
b) big, hot, thin, wet, sad, red;
c) busy, easy, dirty, dry, merry, cosy, shy, sly, gay, grey;
d) famous, beautiful, interesting, comfortable, hopeful;
e) good, bad, much, far, many, little, old, large, fat, clumsy, many, pleasant, expensive, low, nice, little, heavy, pale, lazy, ugly, quiet, cheerful, good.
Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
1. The new cinema in our district is much bigger than the old one. 2. He is one of the most dangerous criminals in the world. 3. Nevsky Prospect is much more beautiful than our street. 4. Our house isn't as big as yours. 5. That's the funniest story I've ever heard. 6. The tram system isn't as reliable as it used to be. 7. What is your height? You are taller than me. 8. She felt as strong as her brother. 9. We started earlier than you. 10. He was more careful than I. 11. This student is the most attentive in our group. 12. I need a warmer coat. 13. He is as tired as you. 14. He was one of the most experienced workers at the factory.
Упражнение 3. Раскройте скобки, используя правильную форму прилагательного.
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1. This room is_____ and ____ than that one. (big, comfortable) 2. Your work is ___ than that of John. (good) 3. Mary is ____ student of your group. (bright) 4. Take this knife. It is ____than yours. (sharp) 5. Don't sit down here. I think it is ____ armchair in our flat. (uncomfortable) 6. George is _____ than William. He is ____ in our family. (old) 7. Where is your ____ brother? (old) 8. It is ____ book in my collection. (interesting) 9. This street is ____and ____ than that one. (narrow, quiet) 10. Which is _____ room in your flat? (large) 11. There are _____ students in group than in group (many) 12. Which is____ day of the year? (long) 13. Yours is _____ dictation, I'm sorry to say. (bad) 14. Which is _____ way to the University? (near) 15. My tape-recorder is _____ than yours. (good) 16. Helen is ___ girl in our group. (noisy)
Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. Я посмотрел интересный фильм.
Он посмотрел более интересный фильм.
Она посмотрела самый интересный фильм.
2. Это длинный путь.
Это более длинный путь.
Это самый длинный путь.
3. Ее работа очень важна.
Его работа важнее.
Моя работа самая важная.
4. Это плохие яблоки.
Эти яблоки хуже.
Это самые плохие яблоки.
5. Он хороший специалист.
Он более хороший специалист.
Он самый лучший специалист.
Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. Я думаю, что наш учитель английского языка был очень терпелив.
2. Наш старый доктор был очень занят. Наш новый доктор даже более занят.
3. Моя учительница немецкого языка – самый энергичный человек.
4. Мы знаем, твой сосед – очень скучный человек.
5. Я считаю, твой дедушка – самый щедрый человек, которого я когда-либо встречал.
6. Часы Рональда точные, но часы его тети более точные.
7. Она купила часы в Швейцарии, потому что она считает, что швейцарские
часы самые точные в мире.
8. Тот телевизионный фильм гораздо хуже, чем сегодняшний.
9. Какая самая смешная телевизионная программа?
10. Это были самые счастливые дни в ее жизни.
NUMERALS
1 – 12
One – the first
Two – the second
Three – the third
Four – the fourth
Five – the fifth
Six – the sixth
Seven – the seventh
Eight- the eights
Nine – the ninth
Ten - the tenth
Eleven – the eleventh
Twelve – the twelfth
13 – 19
Thirteen – the thirteenth
Fourteen – the fourteenth
Fifteen – the fifteenth
Sixteen – the sixteenth
Seventeen – the seventeenth
Eighteen – the eighteenth
Nineteen – the nineteenth
20 – 1000
Twenty – the twentieth
Twenty-one – the twenty-first
Twenty-two – the twenty-second
Thirty – the thirtieth
Forty – the fortieth
Fifty – the fiftieth
Sixty – the sixtieth
Seventy – the seventieth
Eighty – the eightieth
Ninety – the ninetieth
A (one) hundred – the hundredth
A (one) thousand – the thousandth
101 – one hundred and one
125 – one hundred and twenty-five
244 – two hundred and forty-four
712 – seven hundred and twelve
1010 – one thousand and ten
3207 – three thousand two hundred and seven
8541 – eight thousand five hundred and forty-one
4 613 936 – four million six hundred and thirteen thousand nine hundred and thirty six
½ kilometer – half a kilometer
1/3 ton – (one) third of a ton
¾ hectare – three-quarters of a hectare
1/8 mile - an (one)eighth of a mile
0.25 - (nought) point two five
0.5 - (nought) point five
3.937 – three point nine three seven
Telephone numbers: 648 09 75 – six four eight o nine seven five
Time: 3.25 – twenty-five past three (GB), three twenty-five (US)
10.15 – a quarter past ten (GB), ten fifteen (US)
6.30 – half past six (GB), six thirty (US)
9.45 – a quarter to ten (GB), nine forty-five (US)
8.50 – ten to nine (GB), eight fifty (US)
Dates: 55 BC – fifty-five BC (before Christ)
AD 55 – AD fifty-five (Anne Domini)
3 January 1985 – the third of January nineteen eighty five (GB)
January the third nineteen eighty five (US)
Упражнение 1. Прочитайте по-английски следующие количественные числительные.
a) 3, 9, 12, 14, 15, 19, 22, 36, 48, 57, 60, 72, 81, 90, 100
b) 104, 151, 296, 355, 411, 513, 625, 737, 818, 948, 1000
c) 1016, 2568, 3526, 4083, 5993, 6410, 7817, 10 784, 257 629, 841 403, 2 184 101, 2 506 001
d) Bus 5, room 508, group 443, exercise 17, page 45, flat 29, house 266
Упражнение 2. Прочитайте по-английски следующие порядковые числительные.
1st, 3rd , 5th, 9th, 14th, 32nd, 46th, 50th, 67th, 86th, 99th
Упражнение 3. Прочитайте по-английски дроби.
a) ½ , 1/3, ¼, ¾, 1/8
b) 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.75, 1.342, 4.628, 13.871, 2.75, 1.011
Упражнение 4. Назовите время.
7.00, 8.15, 9.45, 4.30, 5.10, 6.25, 10.40, 11.55, 9.57, 2.03, 12.44
Упражнение 5. Прочитайте следующие даты.
15 August 1432, 18 December 1683, 5 October 1156, 27 March 1745, 14 April 1832, 23 November 1956, 8 January 1997, 1 February 2003, 16 September 2010, 3 May 2011
Упражнение 6. Прочитайте телефонные номера.
247 09 64; (499) 255 96 58; 68 05 17; 691 83 10; 36 27 64
Упражнение 7. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. When were you born?
2. What is the number of the house/ flat you live in?
3. How many students are there in our group?
4. What is the population of your home town?
5. How many kilograms are there in a ton?
6. How many hectares are there in a square kilometre?
7. When does your first lesson begin? When is it over?
8. How many rooms are there in your hostel?
9. How many minutes are there in an hour? How many hours are there in a day?
10. What is the distance between Izhevsk and Moscow? Izhevsk and St.Petersburg?
ПРОВЕРЬ СЕБЯ
( TEST YOURSELF )
1. Don’t make noise, the baby sleeps/sleep/is sleeping/are sleeping.
2. At 11 a.m. on Friday I wrote/was writing/is writing/write a test.
3. Meet me at 7.00 tonight. I wait/will wait/ will be waiting/ am waiting at the entrance to the cinema.
4. Don’t shout, I hear /am hearing/ heard/ will hear you well.
5. Do you do/ are you doing/ do you/ you doing anything at the moment?
6. Who is listening/ are listening/listen/listens to the radio now?
7. At half past eight last night I didn’t read/ no read/ doesn’t read/wasn’t reading, as I were/was/am/are sleeping.
8. She will be watching her favourite soap opera tonight, isn’t she/ will she/ won’t she/ doesn’t she?
9. Hello, John. Why do you walk/ were you walking/ will you be walking/are you walking to the work today?
10. The book I read/am reading/ was reading/were reading at the moment was/ will be/is/ are very interesting.
11. While I was trying/ tried/tries/is trying to phone my friend he was washing his car / washed his car/washes his car/ is washing his car.
12. Tom is talking/will be talking/was talking/ talked to his friend when he sees/ saw/ was seeing/ will see a very beautiful girl on the other side of the room.
13. Can I use your computer tomorrow morning or will you use it/ will you be using it/ are you using it/ do you use it?
14. All the students will be talking/ will talk/ talked/were talking when the teacher come in/ was coming in/ came in/ comes in.
15. Cambridge University is not quite as old as/ old as/ older/elder Oxford University.
16. Your car is in gooder/ more good/better/more better condition than mine.
17. She is as beautiful/ so beautiful/as beautiful as/such beautiful as her mother was at her age. She can’t be more beautiful/most beautiful/more beautiful as/ the most beautiful than her mother.
18. Glasgo is large/largest/the largest/the most largest city in Scotland.
19. The situation was far worst/ worse/ the worse/ the worst than we had expected.
20. The snow this winter was heavier/more heavy/ heavier/ heaviest than last year.
UNIT 3
Совершенные времена
(The Perfect Tenses)
| Present Perfect | + | I/you/we/they have just played tennis. He/she has already played tennis. | Используем, когда говорим о периоде времени, который продолжается с прошлого до настоящего момента: Have you ever been to Paris ? –Ты когда-нибудь был в Париже?(с момента своего рождения до настоящего момента) Действие произошло только что, но не уточняем, когда именно: Oh ! I have cut my finger !-О! Я порезал палец! Действие произошло в прошлом и имеет результат сейчас: He told me his name but I have forgotten it .- Он говорил мне свое имя, но я забыл. Используем слова/ фразы – сигналы: never -никогда,ever - когда-либо, recently -недавно, lately - в последнее время, before - перед, до, this week- на этой неделе, just- только что , yet –еще не,already - уже,since - с, с тех пор,fo - в течении. Используем сtoday- сегодня/ this morning-этим утром/ this evening -этим вечероми др, когда эти периоды времени не закончены к моменту высказывания: I have drunk four cups of coffee today . – Я выпил 4 чашки кофе сегодня (возможно, до окончания сегодняшнего дня я выпью еще чашку.) |
| _ | I/you /we/ they have not played tennis yet. He/ she has not played tennis today. | ||
| ? | Have I/you/we/they played tennis recently? Has he/she ever played tennis? | ||
| Past Perfect | + | By the time John arrived, I/you/he/she/we/they had already played 2 tennis sets. | Используем, когда говорим о действии в прошлом, которое произошло до другого действия в прошлом (предпрошедшее): I decided to buy a house because I had seen an article in the newspaper . - Я решил купить дом, потому что увидел статью в газете. (После этого я решил купить дом). Используем by the time - к тому времени, как , when , because -потому что, so -поэтому, before -до, перед, after-послеи as soon as- так скоро, как
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| - | I/you/he/she/we/they had not played our tennis set when John arrived. | ||
| ? | Had I/you/he/she/we/they played the tennis set before John arrived? | ||
| Future Perfect | + | I/you/he/she/we/they will already have played the tennis set by three o`clock in the afternoon tomorrow. | Используем, когда говорим, что действие будет завершено к определенному моменту времени в будущем: We are late . The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema. Мы опаздываем. К тому времени, как мы будем в кинотеатре, фильм уже начнется.
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| _ | I/you/he/she/we/they will not have played the tennis set by the time John arrives. | ||
| ? | Will I/you/he/she/we/they have played the tennis set by ten p.m. tomorrow night? |
| Present Perfect Continuous | + | I/you/we/they have been studying English for five years. He/she/it has been studying since two o`clock. | Действие продолжалось в течение какого-то времени и до сих пор продолжается. (Важен не результат, а само действие): It has been raining for two hours -Дождь идет на протяжении двух часов. Обычно не используем с глаголами, которые не используются в продолженных временах (love , like , see , hear etc.), а также с глаголами, обозначающими однократное действие: start / begin-начинать, find-находить, lose- терять, break-ломать, come- приходить, stop-останавливать и др. |
| _ | I/you/we/they have not been studying English for five years. He/she has not been studying for three hours. | ||
| ? | Have I/you/we/they been studying? Has he/she been studying English since September? | ||
| Past Perfect Continuous | + | I/you/he/she/we/they had been studying for two hours when John came. | Используем, когда действие происходило в течение какого-то времени в прошлом, перед тем, как произошло другое событие: I was very tired when I arrived home . I had been working hard all day . - Я был очень усталым, когда вернулся домой. - Я усердно работал весь день.
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| - | I/you/he/she/we/they had not been studying for an hour yesterday. | ||
| ? | Had I/you/he/she/we/they been studying? | ||
| Future Perfect Continuous | + | Next year I/you/he/she/we/they will have been studying English for six years. | Используем Future Perfect Continuous, чтобы подчеркнуть продолжительность действия до начала другого действия в будущем или к определенному моменту в будущем: In September we will have been living in this house for a year . - В сентябре будет год, как мы живем в этом доме.
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| _ | I/you/he/she/we/they will not have been studying by the time John arrives. | ||
| ? | Will I/you/he/she/we/they have been studying? |
Упражнение 1. Выберите грамматически верное составленное предложение a) или b), где использованы глаголы в Past Simple или Present Perfect.
1. a. I saw John yesterday.
b. I have seen John yesterday.
2. a. Did you ever eat Indian food?
b. Have you ever eaten Indian food?
3. a. Diana won 5000$ last month.
b. Diana has won 5000$ last month.
4. a. I have never drunk champagne.
b. I never drank champagne.
5. a. Did they live in London five years ago?
b. Have they lived in London five years ago?
6. a. Did Mary write a book last year?
b. Has Mary written a book last year?
7. a. I have not seen her this week.
b. I did not see her this week.
8. a. Have you seen the Statue of Liberty yet?
b. Did you see the Statue of Liberty yet?
9. a. I did the shopping today.
b. I have done the shopping today.
10. a. I have never been to the USA in my life.
b. I was never in the USA in my life.
Упражнение 2. Закончите предложения, используя глагол в форме Present Perfect, Past Perfect или Future Perfect.
1. I _______(play) golf in my life.
2. When I came home, my sister________ (cook) dinner.
3. Tom is on holiday and he is spending his money very quickly. If he continues like this, ________ he (spend) all his money by the end of his holiday.
4. Phone me after 8 o`clock. … (we /finish) dinner by then.
5. Bob … (return) by seven o`clock tomorrow.
6. They … (be married) since 2001.
7. I just …(have) dinner.
8. The girl gave the goats the grass which he …(bring) from the field.
9. I already (do) my homework.
10. Kate gave me the magazine which she …(buy) the day before.
Упражнение 3. Закончите предложения, используя глагол в Past Simple или Past Perfect.
1. Your brother already_____(do) her homework, when you returned home from work?
2. When the teacher____(enter) the classroom, the students already _____ (finish) their translation.
3. Kate ____(give) me the magazine which she_____(buy) the day before.
4. Mother saw that George _____(not wash) his hands.
5. Mary _____(finish) her homework by seven o`clock.
6. She _____(think) that she_____(lose) the money.
Упражнение 4.Употребите глагол в нужной форме, используя Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect или Future Perfect Continuous
1. We were good friends. We ________(know) each other for a long time.
2. Mary was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She _________(run).
3. When I arrived, Kate was waiting for me. She was rather annoyed with me because I was late and she _____ (wait) for a very long time.
4. I was sad when I sold my car. I ________ (have) it for a very long time.
5. We were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We ________(travel) for more than 24 hours.
6. The teacher understood that Henry _______(not do) her homework
7. Richard is on holiday and he is spending his money very quickly. If he continues like this____ he (spend) all his money before the end of his holiday.
8. Sue is from New Zealand. She is travelling around Europe at the moment. So far she has travelled about 1000 miles. By the end of the trip_____ she (travel) more than 3000 miles.
9. This book on Proust is really difficult. On Sunday I _____(read) it for a month, and I am still only half way.
10. Jimmy is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he is national champion again- for the fourth time. He _____(win) the national championship four times.
11. When they left college, Mary and Sue started making films together. They still make films. They _____(make) ten films since they left college.
12. On two years` time Morneau _____(act) for 50 years, and shows no signs of retiring from the theatre.
13. Whether I`ve finished the report or not, by 9 o`clock I _____(work) for 12 hours without a break and I am going home.
14. Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53. He _____ (read) for two hours.
15. Linda is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her tour three months ago. She _____(travel) for three months.
Упражнение 5. Восстановите пропущенные вопросы в следующем диалоге.
At the bus-stop
Student 1: (1) ______________________________?
Student 2: No, the university bus hasn’t arrived yet.
Student 1: (2) ______________________________?
Student 2: As a rule, it comes every 5 minutes, but it’s late.
Student 1: (3) ______________________________?
Student 2: I have been waiting nearly 25 minutes and there’s still no sign of it.
Упражнение 6. Вы работник американского посольства. Студент ИжГСХА собирается поехать на сельскохозяйственную стажировку в США. Задайте ему несколько вопросов, начиная с Have you ever..?)
| You | Russian Student |
| 1. Do you like changing places and meeting new people? You (be) abroad? What countries you (to visit)? | Yes, very much. Yes, but only once. Baltic States. |
| 2. Can you speak English? How long you (to learn) English? You (speak) to a foreigner? | Yes, I can. For 9 years. No, never |
| 3. Do you know anything about agriculture? You (to work) at a farm? What practical skills you (to receive)? | Yes, quite a lot. Yes, once. Many, e.g. to milk a cow. |
| 4. Do you have a driving license? You (to drive) a tractor? | Yes, I do. Never. |
| 5. Do you have any problems with your health? You (to get) a health certificate yet? You (to make) all the necessary injections? | I don’t think so. Yes, I have. Sure. |
| 6. You sent your documents to the US embassy a month ago, didn’t you? You (to receive) a visa? You (to buy) a ticket? | Yes, I did. Yes, I have. Not yet. |
ПРОВЕРЬ СЕБЯ
(TEST YOURSELF)
1. Hallo, Tom. I didn’t see you/haven’t seen you/hasn’t seen you/ hadn’t seen you for so long time.
2. That was the best dinner I have ever eaten/I ever ate/ had ever eaten/ever eat.
3. By 10.p.m. we will have completed/are completing/complete/will complete all the presentations.
4. She lives/lived/had been living/has been living here since her birth.
5. She has been living/had been living/was living/lived here since she was a child.
6. Next July she had been living/ was living/will live/will have been living here for 10 years.
7. How long have you stood/ did you stand/ have you been standing/ do you stand there?
8. Jane has never eaten/had never eaten/had never been eating/didn’t eat pizza until we took/ had taken/has taken/will take her to an Italian restaurant.
9. Jack and Mary have known/knew/ have been knowing/had known each other for ten years before they decided to get married.
10. By the year 2020 scientists won’t solve/won’t have solved/won’t have been solving/won’t be solving all the ecological problems of today.
11. I feel a smell of smoke. Has someone/have someone/had someone/will have someone been smoking in the room?
12. John won/has won/had won/will have won three silver medals before he finally won a gold one.
13. He told that he collected/has been collecting/was collecting/had been collecting stamps since 1985.
14. By the time they reach New York they will be travelling/will travel/will have been travelling /travelled for 16 hours.
15. Have you made/did you make/had you made/have you been making any new friends since you moved/have moved/has moved/move to your new school?
16. Why are you smiling? – I passed/was passing/had passed/have passed my driving test.
17. Take an umbrella! It is raining/has been raining/has rained/had been raining since morning.
18. After they has spent/spent/had been spending/had spent the day sightseeing they returned/had returned/has returned/will have returned to the hotel.
19. By this time next year we will complete/will have completed/will be completing/complete our experiments.
20. I don’t want to leave London, but my parents have already decided/decided/had decided/ decide to move to Manchester.
UNIT 4
Страдательный залог
(The Passive Voice)
Form: be + Participle II
Утвердительные предложения
(Affirmative Sentences)
| Present | Past | Future | |
| Simple | am is written are | was written were | will be written |
| Progressive | am is being written are | was being written were | ---------------- |
| Perfect | have been done has | had been done | will have been written |
| Present | Past | Future | |
| Simple | The work is done every day. | The work was done yesterday. | The work will be done tomorrow. |
| Progressive | The work is being done right now. | The work was being done at 7 o’clock yesterday. | ----------- |
| Perfect | The work has been done lately. | The work had been done by 7 o’clock yesterday. | The work will have been done by 7 o’clock tomorrow. |
Отрицательные предложения
(Negative Sentences)
|
The book | is not (isn’t) | discussed |
at the conference |
| was not (wasn’t) | discussed | ||
| will not (wont) | discussed | ||
| is not (isn’t) | being discussed | ||
| was not (wasn’t) | being discussed | ||
| has not (hasn’t) | been discussed | ||
| had not (hadn’t) | been discussed |
Вопросительные предложения
( Interrogative Sentences )
В вопросительных предложениях первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим.
Was it done?
When was it done?
How has the work been done?
Who will the work be done by?
Таблица соотношения Активных и Пассивных форм английского глагола
( Active –Passive)
| Временные формы | Active Voice | Passive Voice |
| Present Simple | Mary helps John. | John is helped by Mary. |
| Past Simple | Mary helped John. | John was helped by Mary. |
| Future Simple | Mary will help John. | John will be helped by Mary. |
| Present Progressive | Mary is helping John. | John is being helped by Mary. |
| Past Progressive | Mary was helping John. | John was being helped by Mary. |
| Present Perfect | Mary has helped John. | John has been helped by Mary. |
| Past Perfect | Mary had helped John. | John had been helped by Mary. |
| Future Perfect | Mary will have helped John. | John will have been helped by Mary. |
*Обратите внимание на случаи использования в страдательном залоге глаголов с закрепленными предлогами:
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