READING SKILL 6: UNDERSTAND NEGATIVE FACTS

QUESTIONS ABOUT NEGATIVE FACTS
HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION	It is NOT discussed … It is NOT stated … It is NOT true … It is NOT indicated … It is NOT mentioned … All of the following are true EXCEPT…
WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER	These answers are generally found in order in the passage, and the paragraph where the answer is found is generally indicated in the question
HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION	· Choose a key word or idea in the question · Skim the appropriate paragraph for the key word or idea · Read the sentence that contains the key word or idea · Eliminate any definitely wrong answers, and choose the best answer from the remaining choices

 

READING EXERCISE 6: Study each of the passages, and choose the best answers to the questions that follow.

PASSAGE ONE (Questions 1-5)                      Flatfish

Members of the flatfish family, sand dabs and flounders, have an evolutionary advantage over many colorfully decorated ocean neighbors in that they are able to adapt their body coloration to different environments. These aquatic chameleons have flattened bodies that are well-suited to life along the ocean floor in the shallower areas of the continental shelf that they inhabit. They also have remarkably sensitive color vision that registers the subtlest gradations on the sea bottom and in the sea life around them. Information about the coloration of the environment is carried through the nervous system to chromatophores, which are pigment-carrying skin cells. These chromatophores are able to accurately reproduce not only the colors but also the texture of the ocean floor. Each time that a sand dab or flounder finds itself in a new environment, the pattern on the body of the fish adapts to fit in with the color and texture around it.

 

 

1. It is NOT stated in the passage that sand dabs

1. are a type of flatfish
2. are in the same family as flounders
3. have evolved
4. are colorfully decorated

 

2. According to the passages, it is NOT true that sand dabs and flounders

A. have flattened bodies

B. live along the ocean floor

C. live in the deepest part of the ocean

D. live along the continental shelf

 

3. All of the following are stated about the vision of sand dabs and flounders EXCEPT that they are

1. overly sensitive to light
2. able to see colors
3. able to see the sea bottom
4. aware of their surroundings

 

4. It is NOT true that chromatophores

A. are skin cells

B. carry pigment

C. adapt to surrounding colors

D. change the ocean floor

 

5. It is NOT mentioned in the passage that sand dabs and flounders

1. move to new environments
2. adapt their behavior
3. can change color
4. adapt to textures around them

 

PASSAGE TWO (Questions 6-10)

Limestone Caves

1   Limestone caves can be spectacular structures filled with giant stalactites and stalagmites. These caves are formed when rainwater, which is a weak acid, dissolves calcite, or lime, out of limestone. Over time, the lime-laden water drips down into cracks, enlarging them into caves. Some of the lime is then redeposited to form stalactites and stalagmites.

2   Stalactites, which grow down from cave ceilings, are formed in limestone caves when groundwater containing dissolved lime drips from the roof of the cave and leaves a thin deposit as it evaporates. Stalactites generally grow only a fraction of an inch each year, but over time a considerable number may grow to be several yards long. In cases where the supply of water is seasonal, they may actually have growth rings resembling those on tree trunks that indicate how old the stalactites are.

3   Stalagmites are formed on the floor of a limestone cave where water containing dissolved lime has dripped either from the cave ceiling or from a stalactite above. They develop in the same way as stalactites, when water containing dissolved limestone evaporates. In some limestone caves with mature limestone development, stalactites and stalagmites grow together, creating limestone pillars that stretch from the cave floor to the cave ceiling.

 

6. It is indicated in paragraph 1 that all of the following are part of the process of forming limestone caves EXCEPT that

1. rainwater dissolves lime from limestone
2. the lime-filled water seeps into breaks in the ground
3. the lime in the water evaporates
4. the cracks in the ground develop into caves

 

7. According to paragraph 2, it is NOT true that stalactites

1. enlarge cave ceilings
2. are found in limestone caves
3. grow in a downward direction
4. grow quite slowly

 

8. It is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2

A. how long stalactites may grow

B. how the age of a stalactite is determined

C. what one of the effects of a limited water supply is

D. what causes stalactites to disappear

 

9. According to paragraph 3, stalagmites are NOT formed

1. on cave floors
2. from lime dissolved in water
3. above stalactites
4. as water containing lime evaporates

 

10. It is NOT indicated in paragraph 3 that limestone pillars

1. result when a stalactite and a stalagmite grow together
2. are attached to both the floor and the ceiling of a cave
3. are relatively aged limestone formations
4. are more durable than stalactites and stalagmites

 

PASSAGE THREE (Questions 11-15)

Wrigley's Chewing Gum

1   Wrigley's chewing gum was actually developed as a premium to be given away with other products rather than as a primary product for sale. As a teenager, William Wrigley Jr. was working for his father in Chicago selling soap that had been manufactured in his father's factory. The soap was not very popular with merchants because it was priced at five cents, and this selling price did not leave a good profit margin for the merchants. Wrigley convinced his father to raise the price to ten cents and to give away cheap umbrellas as a premium for the merchants. This worked successfully, confirming to Wrigley that the use of premiums was an effective sales tool.

2   Wrigley then established his own company; in his company he was selling soap as a wholesaler, giving baking soda away as a premium, and using a cookbook to promote each deal. Over time, the baking soda and cookbook became more popular than the soap, so Wrigley began a new operation selling baking soda. He began hunting for a new premium item to give away with sales of baking soda; he soon decided on chewing gum. Once again, when Wrigley realized that demand for the premium was stronger than the demand for the original product, he created the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company to produce and sell chewing gum.

3   Wrigley started out with two brands of gum, Vassar and Lotta Gum, and soon introduced Juicy Fruit and Spearment. The latter two brands grew in popularity, while the first two were phased out. Juicy Fruit and Spearment are two of Wrigley's main brands to this day.

 

11. It is NOT indicated in paragraph 1 that young William was working

1. in Chicago
2. for his father
3. as a soap salesman
4. in his father's factory

 

12. According to paragraph 1, it is NOT true that the soap that young Wrigley was selling

1. was originally well-liked
2. was originally priced at five cents
3. originally provided little profit for merchants
4. eventually became more popular with merchants

 

13. According to paragraph 2, it is NOT true that, when Wrigley first founded his own company, he was

1. selling soap
2. selling chewing gum
3. giving away cookbooks
4. using baking soda as a premium

 

14. It is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 that Wrigley later

A. sold baking soda

B. used chewing gun as a premium to sell baking soda

C. sold chewing gum

D. used baking soda as a premium to sell chewing gum

 

15. According to paragraph 3, the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company did all of the following EXCEPT

1. begin with two brands of gum
2. add new brands to the original two
3. phase out the last two brands
4. phase out the first two brands

 

PASSAGE FOUR (Questions 16-22)

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