Match the term with the definition.
1. crystallization 6. diagenesis
2. weathering 7. metamorphism
3. deposition 8. compression
4. erosion 9. thermal conductivity
5. compaction 10. alteration
a. a system of external forces that tends to shorten a body or decrease in
volume.
b. changes in the chemical or mineralogical composition of a rock
c. destructive natural processes by which rocks are altered with little or no
transport of the fragmented or altered material
d. the sum of all changes – physical, chemical and biological – to which a
sediment is subjected after deposition
e. the property of transmitting heat
f. the wearing away of any part of the Earth’s surface by natural agencies
g. the gradual formation of crystals from a solution or a melt
h. the processes which produce structural and mineralogical changes in
any type of rock in response to physical and chemical conditions
differing from those under which the rocks originally formed i. the decrease in pore space of a sediment and consequent reduction in
volume or thickness j. any sort of earth material that has been accumulated through the action
of wind, water, ice or other agents
Spelling dictation
You have 30 seconds to look at the following words. Now close your books
| transportation | melting | residual |
| deposition | reworking | heterogeneity |
| sedimentation | weathering | metamorphism |
| compaction | sequence | |
| cementation | igneous | |
| succession | sedimentary | |
| recrystallization | extrusive | |
| erosion | intrusive | |
| differentiation | magma | |
| fusion | cycle | |
| lithification | ||
| deformation | ||
| granulation | ||
| fractionation |
and let’s write a spelling dictation. Now look at the diagram (R. P.-4.4, 4.5)
2.4 Read the following definition and fill in the gaps with the missing words and then give a short outline of this definition. (R.P – 8.2.12)
Fig. 13 Rock cycle
Sedimentary, weathering (x2), source rock, path/paths, breakdown, differentiation, magma, metamorphism, lithification, cycle, processes, transport, melting, igneous, crustal, crystallization, deposition.
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The geochemical (1) _________ is a (2) ____________ followed by an
individual element or group of elements in the (3) _______________ and
subcrustal regions of the Earth. During the cycle there occur
(4) ____________ – both separation of elements and elemental
recombination. For the lithosphere, the cycle begins with the
(5) ___________ of (6) ___________ at the surface or at depth.
Decomposition of the (7) _____________ rock by surface alteration and
(8) ____________ is followed by (9) ______________ and (10)
______________ of the sediment, (11) ___________ and possibly
(12) ____________ and eventually (13) __________ with the generation
of a new magma. A number of different (14) ______________ could be
followed within this idea cycle. Each element will be affected differently as the cycle progresses; for example, partial melting of
(15) ____________ rock to form a (16) ___________ separates elements
according to the melting characteristics of the constituent minerals. Magmatic
(17) ___________ processes produce a wide range of chemical
compositions among igneous rocks and in particular tend to increase the concentration of Si, Al, Ca, Na and K and other lithophile elements in the evolved magmas.
(18) _________ processes are also effective in separating chemical
components, for example, during the (19) ________ of an igneous rock,
magnesium released by the (20) ________ of ferromagnesian minerals can
be removed solution.
(The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Earth Science, Oxford University Press,
1991)
Revision: Match the processes involved in the rock cycle with the definition and try to place them in the diagram. (R.P – 4.5, 4.6)
| 1. weathering | a. the process that converts a sediment into a sedimentary rock. |
| 2. erosion | b. the process by which the volume / thickness of sediment is reduced due to pressure of overlying layers of sediment. |
| 3. transportation | c. process that converts a solid into a liquid under temperature increase |
| 4. deposition | d. set of processes that cause physical and chemical changes in sediment after it has been deposited and buried under another layer of sediment. |
| 5. compaction | e. the process by which conditions within the Earth, below the zone of diagenesis, alter the mineralogical / chemical composition and structure of solid rock without melting it. |
| 6. cementation | f. the process by which particles of rock and soil are loosened, then transported elsewhere. |
| 7. diagenesis | g. temperature increase |
| 8. metamorphism | h. the movement of a particle from one location on the Earth’s surface to another. |
| 9. melting | i. the process by which exposure to atmosphere causes rocks and minerals to break down. This process takes place at / near the Earth’s surface. |
| 10. heating | j. the process by which sediment grains are bound together by precipitated minerals originally dissolved during the chemical weathering of preexisting rocks. |
11. lithification k. accumulation of sediments by either physical /
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chemical sedimentation.
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