State whether the following statements are true or false.
UNIT 3
SIZING UP THE EARTH
COMPREHENSION
Vocabulary
Atmosphere, crust, mantle, outer core, inner core.
accumulation скопление
dust пыль
compression сжатие; уплотнение
to cause (by) вызывать
gravitation гравитация; притяжение
gravity сила тяжести
to sort out сортировать
film оболочка
molten расплавленный
to cool охлаждать
to harden затвердевать
layer слой
rocky каменистый
mountain range горный хребет
sluggish медленный
to liquefy превращать в жидкое состояние
primeval первоначальный; древний
to tend to развивать в определенном направлении
poison / poisonous яд / ядовитый
immense огромный; безмерный
intense (ly) значительный; сильный (интенсивно)
relative (ly) относительный (относительно)
1.2 Read the text «Our layered planet» and pay attention to the terms in
bold (R.P – 3.4, 3.5)
OUR LAYERED PLANET Accumulating mini-planets, dust and gases formed the Earth about 4600 million years ago. Compression caused by gravitation produced immense internal heat and pressure. Meanwhile gravity was sorting out the Earth’s ingredients. Heavy elements tended to be drawn into the middle. Lighter elements and compounds collected near the surface. The lightest elements included an outer film of gases. This poisonous primeval
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atmosphere gave way to air in time, and Earth’s molten surface cooled and
hardened, but its interior remains intensely hot.
Such processes produced Earth’s major layers:
Atmosphere – an invisible film of gases (now mainly nitrogen and oxygen);
from the base up divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere,
ionosphere, thermosphere, exosphere and magnetosphere.
Crust – Earth’s rocky surface – 4 mi. (6 km) thick under the oceans, up to
40 mi. (64 km) thick under mountain ranges. The crust consists of
relatively “light” rocks: largely granite below continents, basalt below
oceans. Oceans cover about 71 percent of the crust.
Mantle-a layer of rocks 1800 mi. (2900 km) thick between the crust and
outer core. Parts are semi-molten and evidently flow sluggish currents.
Mantle rock is denser than crustal rock.
Outer core- a layer of dense molten rocks 1400 mi. (2240 km) thick
between mantle and inner core. It may be mainly iron and nickel with some
silicon.
Inner core – a solid ball 1540 mi. (2440 km) across. Intense pressure
prevents it liquefying despite a temperature of 3700 °C. The inner core may
be mainly iron and nickel.
(David Lambert “The Field Guide to Geology” 1988, Cambridge University
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| Fig. 7 . Differentiation of early Earth |
Press)
EXERCISES
2.1 Read the following word combinations and give the Russian
equivalents.
accumulating mini-planets sluggish currents
immense internal heat mantle rock
outer film dense molten rock
primeval atmosphere solid ball
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major layers unsorted particles
invisible film relatively dense mantle
from the base semi-molten
2.2 Match the Russian equivalents to the English terms .
1. охлаждать a. crust
2. оболочка b. molten
3. сила тяжести c to sort out
4. ядро d. flood
5. расплавленный e. to cool
6. землетрясение f. mountain range
7. кора g. core
8. сортировать h. film
9. наводнение i. earthquake
10. горный хребет j. gravity
Fill in the gaps using the word formations.
Accumulate accumulation accumulating
1. Our planet is formed as the __________ of unsorted particles.
2. The Earth was formed of ___________ mini-planets, dust and gases.
3. Lighter elements __________ near the surface, while heavy elements
________ in the middle.
Continent continental
1. The crust consists of granite, which is below the _________ .
2. The ___________ crust is the outer rocky surface.
Crust crustal
1. The mantle is a layer of rocks between the ________ and outer core.
2. Mantle rock is more denser than ________ rock.
State whether the following statements are true or false.
1. Compression produced immense internal heat and pressure.
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2. Heavy elements collect near the surface.
3. There are 5 major layers produced by earlier processes.
4. The atmosphere is divided into 8 spheres.
5. The crust is a rocky outer surface.
6. If you cut the Earth, you can see an onion structure.
7. Basalt lies below continents, while granite lies below oceans.
8. Oceans cover about 71% of the crust.
9. Core is divided into inner and outer.
10. Crustal rock is denser than mantle rock.
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