Look through the following words and revise their meanings. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words.

fossils	clay	to establish	to deduce
gravel	sedimentary rocks	to settle	to thin out
silt	igneous rocks	to accumulate	to melt
compaction	depositional basin	to intrude (intruding)	to figure out
cementation	generalization	to be disturbed	to indicate
clue	on the margin	to interlope (interloping)	to cut across
relative age	overall	to be perserved
stuff	bed=layer	to deposit
lithification	molten rock	to extend
burial	original feature	to shovel (into)
vice versa	conversely	to carry away
variable		to affect
		to penetrate

 

3.2 While watching

1 Write T for TRUE and F for False for the following statements.

1. The Earth has changed before the past 4600 million years.

2. The Grand Canyon’s layered beds of rock contain information about the Earth and its life forms.

3. There are no marine fossils in the Canyon’s rock beds.

4. Sedimentary rocks are made form sediments-things like little pieces of gravel, sand, silt and clay, as well as, the remains of animals and plants.

5. Older buried sediments result in compaction and cementation.

6. The clues about the geological history of an area help geologists to establish the relative age of plants and animals.

7. As the sediments settle and accumulate on the sea floor, they are lying horizontally.

 

 

2 Insert the missing words

The magma moves very quickly making its way __________ (1) existing cracks, forming new cracks and __________ (2) some of the rock it’s traveling through. When the magma cools, the new ____________ (3) rock crosscut the old sedimentary rock. When you have a cross-cutting _________ (4) like this, you know the rock that was _________ (5) through is older than the ______ (6) igneous rock. Here is a picture of what a cross-cutting relationship looks ________ (7) in nature. The rock that cuts _________ (8) isn’t an original feature of the formation. The rocks on __________ (9) side of the intruding rock are exactly ____________ (10) and the interloping igneous rock, which looks different; obvious shoves its ______ (11) into the original bed. According to the _____ (12) of cross-cutting relationships, the intruding rock is younger than the rocks it ______ (13).

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alike, either, intruding, like, law, igneous, penetrates, way, relationship, through, cut, melting, bed.

 

 

3 Find the mistakes in the following sentences (spelling mistakes\words)

1. Geologists are Earth detectors.

2. They collect glues from their observations of the geological record and other staff to figure out what happened in the Earth’s past.

3. Often plant and animal remains that were pleasant in the sediments are preserved in the sedimentary rocks.

4. For instance, the way the rock beds are situated in relation to each other and to the Earth tell a lot about how and when the rocks were formed.

5. A vertical sedimentary rock is the clue that something happened that was powerful enough to move the block from its original position.

6. You see, the layers of sedimentary rock pooled on each other.

7. The magma moves very quickly making it’s way through exiting cracks, forming new cracks and melting some of the rock it’s traveling through.

 

3.3. After watching

1. Complete the sentences using the above-mentioned words:

stuff, lithification, sequence, remains of, burial, intruding, was disturbed, on the margin, clues, succession (x 2), lateral continuity, interloping, are preserved, relative age, horizontally

1. Geologists as earth detectives collect ________from their observations of the geologic record and other _____to figure out what happened in the Earth's past.

2. Sedimentary rocks are made from sediments-things like little pieces of gravel, sand, silt and clay as well as, the __________animals and plants.

3. Most sedimentary rocks come from sediments deposited __________of the oceans.

4. This __________results in compaction and cementation.

5. This overall process is called ___________or the process of turning sediment into a sedimentary rock.

6. Often plant and animal remains that were present in the sediments _________________in the sedimentary rocks.

7. These clues help them to establish the ___________of sedimentary rocks.

8. Relative age shows the ___________of formation of a group of rocks.

9. As the sediments settle and accumulate on the sea floor, they are lying ______________.

10. If a rock bed ___________since it was formed, you know it is younger than the layer of rock below it.

11. According to the principle of ______________rock layers extend horizontally in all directions.

12. When you have a cross-cutting relationship like this, you know the rock that was cut through is older than the__________ igneous rock.

13. __________igneous rock which looks different, obvious shoved its way into the original bed.

14. It deals specifically with fossils and is called fossil_______ or sometimes it's called faunal and floral _______.

 

 

2. Fill in the gaps. The necessary words are under the dotted line.

A. Geologists collect _______from their observations of the geologic record and try ____________what happened in the Earth’s _______. __________ give geologists these clues. Sedimentary rocks are made from _________. Sediments are carried away and left behind by __________, ________and glaciers. Most sedimentary rocks are ____________on the margin of oceans. The__________ of sediments results in ___________and ___________. This process is called ___________.

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lithification, deposited, burial, clues, water, cementation, sediments, wind, past, compaction, to figure out, sedimentary rocks

 

B.

1. There are several _______________ that help geologists in determining the geologic history of an area. __________ is the age of rocks ___________ to other rocks. It shows the ________of _________of a group of rocks.

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sequence, in relation, fundamental principles, formation, relative age

 

2. ____________ indicates that sediments settle and _____________on the sea floor and they lay ______________. This principle is the first clue to the geologic history of the area when the rock was formed.

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horizontally, accumulate, original horizontality

 

3. The next principle is ____________. It states that if a rock bed hasn’t been _________since it was formed, you know it is _________than the layer of rock below. A good example of this is the _____________

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Grand Canyon, superposition, younger, disturbed

 

 4. Next is the principle of_____________. A _________ extends horizontally in________. The area where sediments were deposited is called _____________.

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depositional basin, layer, all directions, lateral continuity

 

5. When _____________cuts across another rock, it is the law of cross-___________. In this case, you know the rock that was______ through is _______than the ______________igneous rock.

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cut, igneous rock, intruding, cutting relationships, older

 

6. Another generalization used to deduce facts is the idea of _____________. It is sometimes called _______ and __________ succession. So, if we know the age of fossils, we can figure out how old the rocks are.

 

floral, fossil succession, faunal

 

7. The last principle is ________________It states that you can understand geologic _________of the past by observing the ___________that are going on right now.

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uniformitarianism, events, geologic events

 

 

3. Note down what you remember from the tape.

1. Relative age ………………………………..

2. Principle of original horizontality refers to……………………………

3. The principle of superposition is about………………………………

4. The principle of lateral continuity tells us about………………………

5. The law of cross-cutting relationships is …………………………

6. The two types of fossil succession are……………………………….

7. The principle of uniformitarianism is ………………………………

 

DISCUSSION

Discuss and comment on the following questions:

1. What does the word “geology” mean?

2. What does geology deal with?

3. How are the events in the past determined?

4. What is classical geology aimed at?

5. What forces affect the Earth’s crust?

6. How do endogenous forces affect the crust?

7. How is the balance between the endogenous and exogenous forces formed?

8. What are the obvious effects of the exogenous forces?

9. What is the principle difference between endogenous and exogenous forces?

10. What does stratigraphy deal with?

11. What is paleontology concerned with?

12. What is regional geology aimed at?

13. What does applied geology deal with?

14. Why is it possible to reconstruct the processes that happened many years ago?

WORDLIST

PRONUNCIATION

 

 

TERMS

agent	агент
alga	водоросль
crust (earth)	кора (земли)
earthquake	землетрясение
endogenous (force)	эндогенная (сила)
erosion	эрозия
exogenous (force)	экзогенная (сила)
force	сила
geological time	геологическое время
inner core	внутреннее ядро
layer	пласт, слой
level	уровень, горизонт
limit	предел
mantle	мантия
outer core	внешнее ядро
remain (trace)	остаток, след
sedimentary rock	осадочная порода
transport (of rock material)	перенос
velocity	скорость
weathering	выветривание

WORDS AND PHRASES

accessible	доступный
available	доступный, имеющийся в распоряжении
clay	глина
cliff	крутой склон, утес
completely	полностью, совершенно
conservation	сохранение
considerably	значительно
constantly	постоянно
constitution	строение, состав
crack	трещина, расселина
daily	ежедневно
destructive	разрушительный
effect	результат
especially	особенно, главным образом
essentially	существенно, чрезвычайно
evidence	доказательство, свидетельство
glacier	ледник, глетчер
gravel	гравий, галька, галечник
however	однако, тем не менее
in particular	в особенности, в частности
in terms of	в выражении
it is possible to	возможно
literally	буквально, дословно
particularly	особенно, чрезвычайно
predecessor	предшественник
primarily	в основном, главным образом
principally	главным образом, в основном
relatively	относительно
sand	песок
sequence	последовательность
silt	ил, алеврит
site	место, месторождение
stark (contrast)	абсолютный, полный (контраст)
succession (of)	последовательность
succinct	краткий, сжатый
summing up	подводя итог
thereby	таким образом, в связи с этим
to be applicable	быть применимым, подходящим к
to aim at	стремиться
to attain	достигать, добиваться
to attempt	пытаться, стараться
to be concerned with	касаться, иметь отношение
to be subjected to	быть подверженным
to come from	происходить
to correlate	находиться в связи, соотноситься
to decipher	открывать, расшифровывать
to derive from	получать, извлекать
to determine	определять, устанавливать
to draw on	получить
to expose	делать видным, обнажать, показывать
to interpret	объяснять, толковать
to occur	происходить, случаться, совершаться
to originate	давать начало, порождать, происходить
to pertain to	иметь отношение
to stand in	оказаться
to tend	иметь тенденцию, склоняться к
to trace	следить
to yield	давать

 

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