We also use must to express that we are certain about our guess.
Helen has just bought a new flat. She must be earning plenty of money.
Nick must have forgotten his promise. There was no call.
NEED
Need as a model verb – modal forms are: needn’t and needn’t + have +Past Participle.
You needn’t leave yet, it’s early. You needn’t have done that report.
As a regular verb we use need to; do/don’t/does/doesn’t need to; didn’t need to
You need to leave now. (necessary or important = have to).
I need to drink some water. (physical necessity).
She will need to get some more photos.
We needed to stay in the hospital overnight.
Do I need to buy batteries? She doesn’t need to do this. We didn’t need to charge the battery.
Unnecessary actions, present and future.
You needn’t take any food – lunch is provided. (it isn’t necessary).
You won’t need to bring any extra money on Friday, everything is included in the price.
Unnecessary actions in the past.
We use didn’t need to (regular verb) say that something wasn’t necessary in the past.
We don’t know if the action happened or not.
The pain went away so I didn’t need to see a doctor.
We use needn’t + have + past participle (modal verb) to say that an action happened in the past although it wasn't necessary:
You needn’t have bought a camera. You can use mine.
Regular verb need has the following combinations in English:
· To need something – нуждаться в чем-то.
It’s raining outside. I need an umbrella.
· To need to do something – иметь необходимость сделать что-то.
He needs to win this game to stay in the team.
· To need doing something = to need to be done – нужно/следует сделать что-то.
This room needs cleaning/needs to be cleaned, it’s too dirty.
Now check yourself. Explain the use of the verb need.
1. The wind is very strong today. You … put your coat on.
2. This flower doesn’t look well. It … watering.
3. No one … know the name of the candidate.
4. My boots are dirty. They … cleaning.
5. You … tell anyone, but you can, if you want.
6. Nobody … come here until everything is ready.
7. You … more bread. We already have a loaf.
8. They had cancelled the meeting, so we … call him.
9. He has already paid the bill. Nobody … worry about the money.
10. You … worry about English exam.
11. You … only just ask your Granny.
12. I doubt whether I … help you in learning English.
13. No one … think that we are doing this every week.
14. Nobody … know the name of the person who made the complaint.
15. Not a thing … change on page 3.
16. Cans of soup … be kept in the fridge.
17. I … talk to you about English lessons.
18. I … be told that I should pass the test.
19. If you want good results, you will … learn English harder.
20. We … more volunteers.
21. We have got what we ….
22. I … more time to decide the question.
23. He … our help.
24. The ambassador … sleep before the meeting.
25. Why did they … to go the distance.
26. I … join English club – their host is British ambassador!
27. You … speak so loudly.
28. She … come with us if she does not want to.
29. She is thirsty. She … a drink.
30. Jim and Bob are here. They say they … to see you urgently.
Should/ought to
We use should (n’t) and ought (not) to if we think something is a good or bad idea in general, and to give advice in a particular situation.
People shouldn’t smoke in doors.
You look terrible – you ought to see a doctor.
I ought to go. I ought not to go. Ought I to go?
We usually use should to ask for advice.
Should I ask my boss for a pay rise?
We can use should/shouldn’t + have + past participle to criticize someone’s past actions or regret for a past action.
You shouldn’t have bought such a cheap car!
I should have phoned you but I was busy.
To give strong advice we can use must.
Adverbs like also, always, never, sometimes, just, only come after modal verbs.
Write should or shouldn't in the sentences.
1. You __________ take a map.
2. You __________ make much noise on a train.
3. You__________ touch wild animals.
4. You__________ help your friends.
5. You __________visit museums.
6. You__________ take your toothbrush.
7. You__________ be careful.
8. The sun is really strong. He _______ put on some sun cream.
9. If Meredith’s got a really bad cold, she ______ go to school.
10. We_______eat in the classroom.
11. If she's got a headache, she _______take an aspirin.
12. The weather's very hot. You_______ wear a coat.
13. They've found some money. They_______ take it to the police.
14. Sally ______ work more as she’s missed some lessons.
15. Mothers_______ shout at their children.
16. The toddler ________ be in bed, as it is very late.
17. Everyone ________ be careful while driving.
18. Governments ______ respond to all the notifications.
19. Governments ______ lead an effective social policy to protect the most vulnerable people.
20. Families _______ be together at Christmas.
21. The woman in her condition ______ drink, as it’s dangerous for her health.
22. United Nations efforts ________ compromise the independence of the individual countries.
23. Greg _______ have said it to Megan. He _______ have praised her to give her positive emotions
Write in ought to or oughtn’t to.
1. Winners must be selected fairly; we ______ have any political tendency while voting.
2. Megan _______ have considered all possibilities to make the right choice.
3. Your boss _________ pay you twice for your brilliant work.
4. A man _________ be magnanimous (великодушным).
5. Despite Megan loves him, she ______ sacrifice everything for him.
6. He ________ trouble you at all, he can do it by himself.
Find and correct mistakes where necessary.
1. I am too kind myself and that is my biggest fault, for one ought not be always kind.
2. If the committee changed the lunch hour, they ought at least to have let everybody know.
3. Relations oughtn’t never to forget one another
4. I compute Nickolas oughts to save eight thousand pounds.
5. I only suggest that everything ought to be equal.
6. “I’ve been feeling under the weather recently”. ”You should to get more exercise”.
7. The weather ought to be good tomorrow.
8. Choosing to go to a gym regularly should to change your life for better.
9. I should to have chosen a gym with a pool.
10. You should have gone for a walk so late yesterday.
11. Business letters should to be brief and to the point.
12. I think children ought to learn to cook at the early age.
13. Some plants should be grown in direct sunlight. It will damage their leaves.
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