Ex.4 Explain the following words in English.
Рисунок 1 – Map of the United Kingdom
UNIT 1 GREAT BRIATIN
Text 1
Ex.1 a) Find in the text, translate and memorize the following words.
An ancestor, to advance, a plough, warlike, a hut, to raid, plunder, to adopt, clergy, to pioneer.
B) Paraphrase the words in italics with the new ones.
1. They found a small wooden house and sheltered there from rain. 2. He opened up the way to the heart of the swamp. 3. The Bronze age people introduced an agricultural implement for turning up the soil. 4. The stolen goods were hidden in the basement. 5. I liked your method of teaching and I will use it in my school. 6. Japan was progressing very quickly and it surprised the world. 7. The parents of my grandfather came from Greece. 8. The tribe fought much and spent a lot of time on military drill. 9. They attacked the village with the aim of robbing it. 10. The priests and the preachers are very powerful in this country.
Ex.2 Translate the following words and expressions.
A hominid, overland, stone tools, to domesticate, to put up buildings, a sword and a shield, leather, a war chief, to ride on the horseback, the earliest written record, a pattern, a right angle, a single-storeyed farm-house, slaves and peasants, significant, navy, to defeat, a conquest, caught in the act of a crime, boiling water, to be judged innocent, democratic parliamentary government, technological advances, the Industrial Revolution, overseas empire, shaping.
Ex.3 Read the text.
Great Britain: short history
Archeologists think that the earliest hominids (ancestors of modern human beings) may have entered Britain overland from Europe more than half a million years ago, in Paleolithic period. The earliest known settlements date from about 250 000 B. C. People who lived there discovered how to control fire and used stone tools.
The culture of Mesolithic and Neolithic people was more advanced. They were mostly farmers and village traders. They domesticated the dog, built the first roads and were the first in Britain to have put up buildings of wood. People of the Bronze Age used the wheel and the plough. They used stabbing swords and shields of wood, leather and bronze. The Celts, who came to Britain in the Iron Age, were warlike. Their communities were ruled by war chiefs. They were the first people in Britain to ride on the horseback.
Julius Caesar led his forces into Britain in 55 B. C. and again in 54 B. C. His personal account was marked with the earliest written record of Britain’s history. The Romans built towns to a pattern of straight, parallel main streets that crossed at right angles. Wealthy Romans lived in villas – single-storeyed farm-houses surrounded with huts for slaves and peasants. The Romans brought Christianity and the Christian Church established in Britain.
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The period of the Anglo-Saxon settlements is called the Dark Ages because our knowledge of it is limited. The Angles, Saxons and Jutes came to Britain from Denmark and northern Germany. Wessex, one of the kingdoms, was the most significant part of Britain under Alfred the Great, who opened many schools, formed laws and founded England’s navy. In the late 700’s, Vikings, from Scandinavia, raided Britain for plunder. They formed a kingdom to the north of the river Themes called Danelaw and the English had to pay taxes, called Danegeld, to them.
The Normans were people who had adopted Christianity and the French language and had become very powerful. At the Battle of Hastings, October 14, 1066, the Normans defeated the Saxons and the Norman conquest followed. William I, the Conqueror, was crowned king of England. Up to the 1500’s, the most powerful in Britain were the Church and the Law. Every village had a church and every city had a cathedral.
There was no single source of justice. The king’s council was the supreme court that tried great lords. Simple people were tried by their fellows. Church courts tried clergy. A person caught in the act of a crime underwent «trial by ordeal». He had to plunge his arm into boiling water. If the burns didn’t bring him suffering, he was judged innocent. Soon trial by ordeal was replaced by trial of jury.
From the 1500’s onwards, Britain made rapid economic, cultural, political and social progress and became a nation of world importance. The British developed democratic parliamentary government and pioneered the technological advances of the Industrial Revolution. They developed the largest and most influential overseas empire in history. In the 1900’s, Britain gave up most of its empire and helped many countries to achieve political independence. British civilization, laws and culture helped in the shaping of Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, the USA, the West Indies and other states that now form the Commonwealth of Nations.
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Ex.4 Explain the following words in English.
A hominid, to domesticate, a plough, a shield, a sword, warlike, a villa, a navy, Danegeld, to crown, clergy, to pioneer.
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