Give equivalents (translation)
1) artificial material; 6) stability of the structure;
2) external walls; 7) fire-resisting material;
3) poor heat conductivity; 8) technical handbooks;
4) ferro-concrete details; 9) guarantee test;
5) watersupply; 10) designedperformance.
1) промышленныецели; 6) размерстен;
2) система отопления; 7) слои краски;
3) строительство здания; 8) запасные части;
4) ниже уровня земли; 9) период гарантии;
5) строительство «под ключ»; 10) предпусковые работы.
3. Answer the questions :
1. What are the most important building materials?
2. What groups are timbers divided into?
3. What is brick made of?
4. What are marble, granite and sandstone used for?
5. What is natural stone used for?
Choose correct variant of terms to following definitions
1. This kind of wall is strengthen by the introduction of the certain type of metal in the form of bars, wire etc.
a)cavity b)rubble c)reinforced brickwork
2. It is built of thinly-bedded stone
a) rubble b) partition c) ashlar
3. It consists of two separate walls with a cavity in the middle
a) ashlar b) block-in-course c) cavity
4. It is composed of squared stones
a) partition b)block in course c) ashlar
5. They are used as deep trusses for supporting parts of a building
a) cavity b) partition c) rubble
ВАРИАНТ 3
1. Read and translate the text:
Ceiling
Ceilings are considered to be extremely important parts of any room. A well-designed ceiling is one of the most pleasing features of a room. In modern constructions the variants of ceilings are limitless.
Ceilings can be produced of many various materials both natural and artificial. Their colours, texture, pattern, and shape are of great importance for the visual impression of the room. Ceilings of any materials may be attached to wood joists. Usually they are attached very carefully and tightly. They may be attached to wood joists, wood rafters, or steel joints.
A ceiling can be a simple, level plane. Or it can be two or more sloping planes. It should be noted that these planes correspond to the form of the roof construction above.
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The ceiling surface is an important functional component in any room. It can have a luminous surface or a richly ornamented and decorated surface. It is of importance to note that it should be constructed in such a way as to help control the spread of light and sound about the room. One more important feature of the ceiling surface is its resistance to the spread of fire.
Suspended plaster ceiling. Suspended plaster ceilings have been in use already for several decades. How are suspended ceilings characterized? Suspended ceiling is a finish ceiling. It is hung on wires from the structure above, some distance below the room structure. It can be hung level and flat.
As for girders, beam, joists, and slabs above, they can be of varying sizes.
Suspended ceilings can be produced of almost any materials. Among them the most widely used are gypsum, board, plaster, and various boards made of fibers. Each of these materials is supported on its own system of small steel framing members. The framing members, in their turn, are hung from the structures on heavy and strong steel wires.
Suspended plaster ceilings are rather popular in modern constructions of different kinds. Ceilings produced of fibrous materials are classified as acoustical ceilings. Their most useful property is high absorption of sound energy. As to plaster of gypsum board ceilings, they are highly reflective of sound energy.
Installations placed above the ceiling. Nowadays suspended ceilings have become a very popular and economical feature in many types of buildings. The most numerous among these buildings are office and laboratory structures. Many of them install and maintain complex mechanical and electrical installations above the ceiling. These installations include air conditioning ducts, water and waste piping, and electrical and communications wiring. They also include such services as fume ducting, vacuum piping, fuel gas lines, compressed air lines, water piping, and chemical waste piping. All these ducts and pipes occupy a considerable space in the buildings. In some of them they may be equal to the amount of their living space.
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Ducts, pipes, and conduits can be placed in the space between the ceiling and the structure. Lighting fixtures, loudspeakers, and fire detection devices may also be installed into the ceiling. Many such constructions can serve as membrane fire protection for the floor and roof structure above.
It should be taken into account that any of these mechanical and electrical systems are rather complex. Naturally they are subject to frequent change and damage. That’s why they require permanent observation, maintenance, and repair. In order to guarantee their permanent observation and repair, a suspended ceiling must be supplied with scaffolding possessing sufficient structural strength to support workers who install, maintain, and renew mechanical and electrical systems above the ceiling of the building.
2.Give equivalents (translation):
1) a well-designed ceiling; 6) acoustical ceilings;
2) visual impression; 7) sound energy;
3) wood joists; 8) electrical installations;
4) decorated surface; 9) waste piping;
5) spread of light; 10) fume ducting.
1) поверхность потолка; 6) сжатый воздух;
2) функциональный компонент; 7) легкий вес;
3) подвесной потолок; 8) защита от огня;
4) поглощение звука; 9) принять во внимание;
5) гипсовая плита; 10) электрические системы
3. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:
1. What is architecture?
2. What is the oldest book to set forth the principles of construction?
3. How should mankind deal with the heritage of the past?
4. What three basic factors in architecture were listed nearly two thousand years ago?
5. Why architecture is a difficult art?
6. What can we say about any truly great building?
7. What integration must an architect achieve?
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