Architectural organization of the processor.
The processor is a computer architecture a central location , and controls the interaction of all the major components that make up the computer he is involved in the processing of information and software to control this process decrypts and executes program commands and organizes access memory (RAM ) , where necessary, initiate operations I / O and peripherals, perceives and processes the requests coming from the devices as a computer, and from the external environment (the organization of the system interrupts ) . The execution of each team is with out of the smaller operations - microinstructions that perform certain basic actions . Microcode determined by a system of commands and the logical structure of a particular computer . Thus , each team of computer implemented correspond RELEVANT firmware stored in a read only memory (ROM). Some computers ( primarily specialized ) all or part of the team implemented in hardware, allowing them to increase productivity at the expense of some of the flexibility of machine instructions . As one, and the second method of the command computer has its pros and cons.
Microprogramming language used to describe digital devices functioning at the level of registers. It has a simple and intuitive means of describing the machine words , registers , tires and other basic elements of a computer. In view of the foregoing, s rarhiyu description languages computational process on a computer can be , in general, at four levels: (1) a Boolean operation (operation of combination drugs ) = > (2) microinstruction (operation of computer nodes ) = > (3) command ( functioning computer ) = > ( 4) The operator of HLL (description of the algorithm solved the problem) . To determine the time ables relations between micro-ops to set the unit of time ( cycle) for running the longest micro-op . The execution of one command sync computer -generated special device process sor - clock , the clock speed (measured in MHz ) to a large extent determines the speed of the computer . Of course, for other classes of computer data tion rate otherwise associated with the performance as determined by additional factors, such as .
In computer engineering, microarchitecture (sometimes abbreviated to µarch or uarch), also called computer organization, is the way a given instruction set architecture (ISA) is implemented on a processor. A given ISA may be implemented with different microarchitectures.[1] Implementations might vary due to different goals of a given design or due to shifts in technology.[2] Computer architecture is the combination of microarchitecture and instruction set design.
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Relation to instruction set architecture
The ISA is roughly the same as the programming model of a processor as seen by an assembly language programmer or compiler writer. The ISA includes the execution model, processor registers, address and data formats among other things. The microarchitecture includes the constituent parts of the processor and how these interconnect and interoperate to implement the ISA.
Single bus organization microarchitecture
The microarchitecture of a machine is usually represented as (more or less detailed) diagrams that describe the interconnections of the various microarchitectural elements of the machine, which may be everything from single gates and registers, to complete arithmetic logic units (ALUs) and even larger elements. These diagrams generally separate the datapath (where data is placed) and the control path (which can be said to steer the data).[3]
The person designing a system usually draws the specific microarchitecture as a kind of data flow diagram. Like a block diagram, the microarchitecture diagram shows microarchitectural elements such as the arithmetic and logic unit and the register file as a single schematic symbol. Typically the diagram connects those elements with arrows and thick lines and thin lines to distinguish between three-state buses -- which require a three state buffer for each device that drives the bus; unidirectional buses -- always driven by a single source, such as the way the address bus on simpler computers is always driven by the memory address register; and individual control lines. Very simple computers have a single data bus organization -- they have a single three-state bus. The diagram of more complex computers usually shows multiple three-state buses, which help the machine do more operations simultaneously.
Each microarchitectural element is in turn represented by a schematic describing the interconnections of logic gates used to implement it. Each logic gate is in turn represented by a circuit diagram describing the connections of the transistors used to implement it in some particular logic family. Machines with different microarchitectures may have the same instruction set architecture, and thus be capable of executing the same programs. New microarchitectures and/or circuitry solutions, along with advances in semiconductor manufacturing, are what allows newer generations of processors to achieve higher performance while using the same ISA.
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In principle, a single microarchitecture could execute several different ISAs with only minor changes to the microcode.
Aspects of microarchitecture
he pipelined datapath is the most commonly used datapath design in microarchitecture today. This technique is used in most modern microprocessors, microcontrollers, and DSPs. The pipelined architecture allows multiple instructions to overlap in execution, much like an assembly line. The pipeline includes several different stages which are fundamental in microarchitecture designs.[3] Some of these stages include instruction fetch, instruction decode, execute, and write back. Some architectures include other stages such as memory access. The design of pipelines is one of the central microarchitectural tasks.
Execution units are also essential to microarchitecture. Execution units include arithmetic logic units (ALU), floating point units (FPU), load/store units, branch prediction, and SIMD. These units perform the operations or calculations of the processor. The choice of the number of execution units, their latency and throughput is a central microarchitectural design task. The size, latency, throughput and connectivity of memories within the system are also microarchitectural decisions.
System-level design decisions such as whether or not to include peripherals, such as memory controllers, can be considered part of the microarchitectural design process. This includes decisions on the performance-level and connectivity of these peripherals.
Unlike architectural design, where achieving a specific performance level is the main goal, microarchitectural design pays closer attention to other constraints. Since microarchitecture design decisions directly affect what goes into a system, attention must be paid to such issues as:
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· Chip area/cost
· Power consumption
· Logic complexity
· Ease of connectivity
· Manufacturability
· Ease of debugging
· Testability
3.The organization of computer memory
Computer organization helps optimize performance-based products. For example, software engineers need to know the processing ability of processors. They may need to optimize software in order to gain the most performance at the least expense. This can require quite detailed analysis of the computer organization. For example, in a multimedia decoder, the designers might need to arrange for most data to be processed in the fastest data path and the various components are assumed to be in place and task is to investigate the organisational structure to verify the computer parts operates.
Computer organization also helps plan the selection of a processor for a particular project. Multimedia projects may need very rapid data access, while supervisory software may need fast interrupts. Sometimes certain tasks need additional components as well. For example, a computer capable of virtualization needs virtual memory hardware so that the memory of different simulated computers can be kept separated. Computer organization and features also affect power consumption and processor cost.
Computer memory is a collection of devices used to memorize, storage and distribution of information. Some devices that are included in this set are called memories or memories of a particular type.
Performance and computing power of computers is largely determined by the composition and characteristics of its memory . As part of the computer used by multiple types of memory with different operating principles , characteristics and intended use.
The main operations are in memory of entering the information into the memory - recording and retrieval of information from memory - reading . Both of these operations are called memory accesses .
When accessing the memory is read or write some unit of data - different for different types of devices . Such a unit may, for example , byte, word or engine block of data.
The most important characteristics of individual memory devices ( memory devices ) are the memory capacity, the specific capacity and good performance.
Storage capacity is determined by the maximum amount of data that can be stored in it .
Specific capacity is the ratio of storage capacity to its physical volume .
Areal density is the ratio of storage capacity to the area of the media. For example, the HDD capacity up to 10 GB of storage density of 2 Gbit per square . inch .
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Test Questions
1. What is a "computer science" as an academic discipline and as an interdisciplinary research area?
2. What are the definitions of computer do you know?
3. The object of study of computer science?
4. What is the general structure of modern science?
5. What are the similarities and differences of Informatics and Cybernetics?
6. What are the most well-known information technology?
7. The place of the computer in the sciences?
8.What is the address of memory organization?
9.What is associative memory organization?
10.What is a stack of memory organization?
11.How is memory speed?
12.What are the provisions of the Body of Principles for the software controlling the computer?
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