The principle of program management



Theses of lectures on the topics of the subject

Lecture 1

Topic: Computer architecture.

Purposes: familiarity with the basic concepts of the architecture of modern personal computer; with the device the most important components hardware PC; the mechanisms of forwarding and information management, basic rules of logical design.

Plan of Lecture:

1. The development of computer architecture.

2. Types of computers.

3. The basic components of a computer.

4. The memory chips. Microchips processors and tires.

5.  Presentation of data in computer memory.

6. System commands, command types, addressing modes.

7. Von Neumann architecture.

Computer science (abbreviated CS or CompSci) is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications. It is the systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the methodical processes (or algorithms) that underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to information, whether such information is encoded in bits and bytes in a computer memory or transcribed engines and protein structures in a human cell. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems.

Its subfields can be divided into a variety of theoretical and practical disciplines. Some fields, such as computational complexity theory (which explores the fundamental properties of computational problems), are highly abstract, while fields such as computer graphics emphasize real-world visual applications. Still other fields focus on the challenges in implementing computation. For example, programming language theory considers various approaches to the description of computation, whilst the study of computer programming itself investigates various aspects of the use of programming language and complex systems. Human-computer interaction considers the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans.

       The components of modern computer science

Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery -- wires, transistors, and circuits -- is called hardware; the instructions and data are called software.

All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:

· memory : enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs.

· mass storage device : allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives.

· input device : usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer.

· output device : a display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished.

· central processing unit (CPU): the heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions.

In addition to these components, many others make it possible for the basic components to work together efficiently. For example, every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to another.

Computer Classification, By Size and Power

Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is considerable overlap:

· personal computer : a small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data.

· workstation : a powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.

· minicomputer : a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.

· mainframe : a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.

· supercomputer : an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

Common PC Components

This table lists all of the common computer components, what they connect to and what they are used for.

 

COMPONENT PURPOSE
1 Motherboard The motherboard or mainboard is the main circuitboard which interconnects to all other components. The motherboard allows communication and power to flow throughout the computer system.
2 Processor (CPU) The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer system. This is the part of the computer which processes all inputs and decides how they will be outputed.
3 Memory (RAM) Random Access Memory (RAM) is your computers short term memory and enables the computer system to perform multitasking functions such as copy and paste or type information into a word document without it saving.
4 Video/Graphics Card The Video/Graphics Card is responsible for receiving visual inputs and displaying (outputing) all visual data. Graphics processing has a very difficult task which is why modern graphics cards now have Graphics Processor Units (GPU) which work like a CPU but for visual data only. This allows quicker rendering of 3D images and streaming of high definition video and leaves the CPU free to work on all other data.
5 Network Interface Card (NIC) The Network Interface Card (NIC) allows your computer system to communicate and pass data to other computer systems within a Local Area Network (LAN) or over the internet to Wide Area Networks (WAN).
6 Hard Drive (HDD) The Hard Drive (HDD) is the long term storage for your computer system. Hard Drives are used to archive and store data for future retreival.
7 CD/DVD Drive (ROM) The CD/DVD ROM Drive allows your computer system to read data from external media like CDs and DVDs. Generally there are two types of CD/DVD ROM; readers and writers (burners).
8 Sound Card The Sound Card allows for the input (Microphones) and output (Speakers) of audio related data.

Motherboard

A motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many modern computers and holds many of the crucial components of the system, while providing connectors for other peripherals. The motherboard can be easily compared to the human body’s nervous system. The wires (nerves) on it transfer data between all of the other components. The motherboard is also known as the main board, system board or in Apple comptuers the logic board. It is also sometimes casually refered to as the mobo.

Processor/CPU

The processor is the brain of the computer and is responsible for processing the instructions set out by the computer program or from the users input. The central processing unit carries out each instruction on the program in sequence, to perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The architecture of CPU chips have dramatically changed since their first inception in the early 1960s, however, their fundamental operation remains much the same.

Memory (RAM)

Random Access Memory (RAM) is the best known form of computer memory. RAM is considered “random access” because you can access any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that interext at that cell. Most RAM that is installed on computers can only function when the computer is powered. RAM is needed for your computer whenever you decide to perform an operation. For example if you wanted to do word processing on your computer. All the letters that you type are going into a temporary file that is stored in the RAM. If your computer shuts down in the middle of your document creation and you powered it back up, most likely your information would be lost. This is because it was stored in RAM. Had you saved the document it would have been stored onto another type of memory called ROM, or Read-Only Memory.

Network Card

The Network Interface Card/Controller (NIC) is a computer hardware component that connects to a computer network. The controller may also be referrred to as a network adapater, or a LAN adapter. It is commonly implemented on expansion cards that plug into a computer bus and known as a network interface card, network card or LAN card. However the low cost and ubiquity of the Ethernet standard measn that most newer computers have a netwrok interface built into the motherboard.

Hard Drive (HDD)

The hard drive disk (HDD) is a non-volatile storage device that stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating rigid (i.e. hard) plates with magnetic surfaces. Simply meaning that the hardware holds a spinning magnet or opitical disk and reads and writes data on it. As hard drives spin (usually) between 5,000 RPM and 10,000 RPM they create friction, use large amount of power, are slow to get up and running and create large amounts of heat. For this reason traditional spinning disks are slowly being replaced with flash memory solutions such as Solid State Hard Drives (SSD).

Video Card

This component is used to transfer data to your monitor so that it ca be displayed. The more RAM you have in a video card usually increases the performance of graphic heavy applications such as games. Video cards are also refered to as Graphics Cards and Display Cards.

Sound Card

A sound card (also known as an audi card) is a computer expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs.

The principle of program management

       The essence of the principle of the software controlling the computer is reduced to the following three statements:

- Any work performed by a computer program;

- The executable program is in memory;

- Program runs automatically.

The program executed by the computer, a sequence of commands. In order to ensure the consistent execution of commands does the following:

       To address the first command adds the length (in bytes), so the address is determined by the second team. After performing the second team added to its address and its length is determined by the address of the third team, etc. If the process is broken, the process of conditional branch.

The operation code - the code in the operative part , determines what operation is performed , takes 8- bit. Microoperation - elementary action inside a computer.

The address part - the part where you store addresses, commands are one- , two-, and three-address unnumbered ( message is used to reduce the number of accesses to RAM ).
Command register - a register, after being placed in which the body of the command will be executed . Teams split into micro-ops . Microcode and micro are in constant memory.
Each microinstruction can fit one or more micro.

The principle of program management is that after telling the machine address of the first team of the program and entering the body of this command in the command register , the program runs itself. Next, there is no external control is not required. This principle is performed at the level of the commands and the microcode level .


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