The Basic Principles of Legal Citation
Generally only two typefaces are used in court documents and legal memoranda – Ordinary type and Italics (indicated in some materials by underscoring)printed in courier).
Case names. Underscore or italicize all case names.
1. United States v. Reynolds, 449 F.2d[2] 1347 (9th Cir.[3] 1971), cert. denied[4], 408 U.S. 924 (1972).
In re[5] Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970).
Full name of the case: United States v. Reynolds,
published sources (bound publications which print only cases – reporters) in which it may be found: 449 F.2d,
a parenthetical indicating the court and jurisdiction and the year or date of decision: (9th Cir. 1971)
2. United States v. Reynolds, 449 F.2d 1347 (9th Cir. 1971), cert. denied, 408 U.S. 924 (1972).
Ex parte[6] Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970).
Parenthetical Information Regarding Cases
When a case id cited for a proposition that is not the single, clear, holding of a majority of the court (e.g., alternative holding; by implication; dictum; dissenting opinion; plurality opinion; holding unclear) indicate the fact parenthetically:
Parker v. Randolph, 442 U.S. 62, 84 (1979) (Stevens, J., dissenting).
Further information regarding the weight of the authority (e.g., 2-1 decision; Brandeis, J.; per curiam; mem; en banc) and any other relevant information may be added in separate parenthetical phrases:
Green v. Georgia, 442 U.S. 95 (1979) (per curiam)(holding that exclusion of relevant evidence at a sentencing hearing constitutes a denial of due process).
Garcia v. San Antonio Metro. Transit Auth., 469 U.S. 528, 540 (1985) (5-4 decision) (quoting Fry v. United States, 421 U.S. 542, 548 (1975)).
Basic citation Forms. In textual sentences (footnotes):
1)In Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen, 244 U.S. 205 (1917), Justice McReynolds stressed the value of uniform laws.
2) Southern Pacific also indicates the breadth of federal lawmaking power under the admiralty jurisdiction.
3) See, e.g., Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen, 244 U.S. 205, 225-226 (1917) (Pitney, J., dissenting).
If no name appears in the cited reporter use a popular name or cite as: Judgment [full date].
In a very long case names words not necessary for identification are usually omitted. If the case is a consolidation of two or more actions, cite only the first listed: Shelly v. Kraemer.
Not: Shelly v. Kraemer, McGhee v. Sipes.
Omit all parties other than the first listed on each side, but do not omit the first listed relator or any portion of a partnership name: Fry v. Mayor of Sierra Vista
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Not: Fry v. Mayor of Sierra Vista& City Council of Sierra Vista
But: NAACP v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson; Eisen v. Carlisle &Jacquelin.
Omit words indicating multiple parties, such as et al.
Where real property is a party, use its common street address: United States v. 6109 Grubb Road, 890 F.2d 659 (3d Cir.[7] 1989).
Not: United States v. Real Property known as 6109 Grubb Road, Millcreek Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania, 890 F.2d 659, 660 (3d Cir. 1989).
In Bankruptcy and similar cases in which there might be both an adversary and nonadversary name, cite both names if both appear at the beginning of the opinion. Otherwise, cite the name supplied:
Wallingford’s Inc. v. Waning (In re Waning), 120 B.R. 607, 611 (Bankr. D. Me 1990).
In re Drexel Burnham Lambert Group, Inc., 120 B.R. 724 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1990).
Exercises
In re Smithfield Estate, Inc., 3 Bankr. L. Rep. (CCH) 70, 707 (Bankr. D.R.I. Aug. 9, 1985)[8].
Baltimore & O.R.R. v. Minneapolis, St. P. & S. Ste. M. Ry.
Lane v. State, 364 N.E.2nd 756, 760 (Ind. 1977).
United States v. Carlisle, No. 90-2465SI, 1991 U.S. App. LEXIS5863, at 3 (8th Cir. Appr. 10, 1991) (per curiam[9]).
Simmons v. Brothers, No. 90-627 (D. Mass. Dec. 19, 1990)
United States v. Palermo, N.Y. Times, Aug. 27, 1957, at 24 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 26, 1957).
Environmental Defense Fund v. EPA, 465 F 2d 528 (D.C. Cir. 1972).
Cobb v. Davenport, 32 N.J.L. 369 (Sup. Ct. 1867).
Green v. Biddle, 21 U.S. (8 Wheat.) 1 (1823).
Hall v. Bell, 47 Mass. (6 Met.) 431 (1843).
Mack v. Charlesworth, No. 90-567 (1st Cir. Argued Jan. 10, 1991)[10].
Mack v. Charlesworth, 725 F. Supp. 1407 (D. Mass. 1990), appeal docketed. No. 90-567 (1st Cir. Dec. 20, 1990).
United States v. Eller, 114 F. Supp. 284 (M.D.N.C.), rev’d, 208 F.2d 716 (4th Cir. 1953), cert. denied, 347 U.S. 934 (1954)[11].
DiNapoli v. Northeast Regional Parole Comm’n, 764 F.2d 143 (2nd Cir. 1985), petition for cert. filed, 54 U.S. L.W. 3146 (U.S. Aug. 29, 1985) (No. 85-335)[12].
APPENDIX 3
The Possible Scientific Sources
| AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LAW & MEDICINE | ajlm@bu.edu |
| AMERICAN LAW AND ECONOMICS REVIEW | http://aler.oxfordjournals.org/ |
| ANTITRUST LAW JOURNAL | http://www.americanbar.org/groups/antitrust_law/publications/antitrust_law_journal.html |
| ASIA PACIFIC LAW REVIEW | http://www.cityu.edu.hk/slw/aplr/submit.htm |
| BIOTECHNOLOGY LAW REPORT | |
| BOSTON UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW | http://www.bu.edu/bulawreview/ |
| BUFFALO LAW REVIEW | http://www.buffalolawreview.org/ |
| CALIFORNIA LAW REVIEW | http://www.californialawreview.org/ |
| CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW | http://lawreview.law.edu/ |
| CHINESE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW | http://www.chinesejil.org/ |
| COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF LAW AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS | http://www.columbia.edu/cu/jlsp/ |
| COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW | http://www.columbialawreview.org/ |
| COMMON MARKET LAW REVIEW | http://law.leiden.edu/journals/commonmarketlawreview/ |
| CORNELL INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL | http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/ILJ/ |
| COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW | http://journals.cdrs.columbia.edu/jtl/ |
| CORNELL LAW REVIEW | http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/ |
| CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW | http://www.ucpressjournals.com/journal.asp?j=nclr |
| DENVER UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW | http://www.law.du.edu/index.php/denver-university-law-review |
| ECCLESIASTICAL LAW JOURNAL | http://www.ecclawsoc.org.uk/the-ecclesiastical-law-journal.html |
| ECOLOGY LAW QUARTERLY | http://boalt.org/elq/ |
| EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW | http://www.ejil.org/ |
| EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MIGRATION AND LAW | http://www.brill.com/european-journal-migration-and-law |
| EUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL | http://www.europeanlawjournal.org/ |
| EUROPEAN LAW REVIEW | http://www.sweetandmaxwell.co.uk/Catalogue/ProductDetails.aspx?recordid=427&productid=6968 |
| FAMILY LAW QUARTERLY | http://www.americanbar.org/publications/family_law_quarterly_home/family_flq_pubinfo.html |
| FORDHAM LAW REVIEW | http://law.fordham.edu/lawreview.htm |
| GEORGE WASHINGTON LAW REVIEW | http://www.gwilr.org/ |
| GEORGETOWN LAW JOURNAL | http://georgetownlawjournal.org/ |
| HARVARD CIVIL RIGHTS-CIVIL LIBERTIES LAW REVIEW | http://harvardcrcl.org/ |
| HARVARD JOURNAL OF LAW AND PUBLIC POLICY | http://www.law.harvard.edu/current/orgs/journals/ |
| HARVARD LAW REVIEW | http://www.harvardlawreview.org/ |
| HASTINGS LAW JOURNAL | http://www.hastingslawjournal.org/ |
| HONG KONG LAW JOURNAL | http://www.law.hku.hk/hklj/ |
| INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW | http://icon.oxfordjournals.org/ |
| INDIANA LAW JOURNAL | http://www.indianalawjournal.org/ |
| INTERNATIONAL & COMPARATIVE LAW QUARTERLY | http://www.biicl.org/ |
| HARVARD INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL | http://www.harvardilj.org/ |
| HARVARD ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW | http://www3.law.harvard.edu/journals/elr/ |
| INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MARINE AND COASTAL LAW | http://www.editorialmanager.com/estu/ |
| IOWA LAW REVIEW | http://www.uiowa.edu/~ilr |
| JOURNAL OF AFRICAN LAW | http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=JAL |
| JOURNAL OF COMPETITION LAW & ECONOMICS | http://jcle.oxfordjournals.org/ |
| JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW & CRIMINOLOGY | http://www.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/ |
| JOURNAL OF EAST ASIA AND INTERNATIONAL LAW | http://www.yiil.org/journal/ |
| JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW | http://jel.oxfordjournals.org/ |
| JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW | http://jiel.oxfordjournals.org/ |
| JOURNAL OF LAW & ECONOMICS | http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/journals/journal/jle.html |
| JOURNAL OF LAW AND SOCIETY | http://www.law.cf.ac.uk/jls/ |
| JOURNAL OF LAW ECONOMICS & ORGANIZATION | http://jleo.oxfordjournals.org/ |
| JOURNAL OF LAW MEDICINE & ETHICS | http://www.aslme.org/ |
| JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PSYCHIATRY AND THE LAW | http://www.jaapl.org/ |
| JOURNAL OF WORLD ENERGY LAW & BUSINESS | http://jwelb.oxfordjournals.org/ |
| LAW & LITERATURE | http://www.ucpressjournals.com/journal.asp?j=lal |
| LAW & SOCIETY REVIEW | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1540-5893 |
| LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR | http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/lhb/ |
| LEIDEN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW | http://gulib.georgetown.edu/newjour/l/msg02587.html |
| MEDICAL LAW REVIEW | http://mli.sagepub.com/ |
| LAW AND SOCIAL INQUIRY-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN BAR FOUNDATION | http://www.americanbarfoundation.org/publications/lawsocialinquiry.html |
| MICHIGAN LAW REVIEW | http://www.michiganlawreview.org/ |
| MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW | http://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/mulr |
| MINNESOTA LAW REVIEW | http://www.minnesotalawreview.org/ |
| MODERN LAW REVIEW | http://www.modernlawreview.co.uk/ |
| NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW | http://www.law.nyu.edu/journals/lawreview/index.htm |
| NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW | http://www.law.northwestern.edu/lawreview/ |
| NOTRE DAME LAW REVIEW | http://ndlawreview.org/ |
| PSYCHOLOGY PUBLIC POLICY AND LAW | http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/law/ |
| SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LAW REVIEW | http://lawweb.usc.edu/why/students/orgs/lawreview/index.cfm |
| RUTGERS LAW REVIEW | http://www.rutgerslawreview.com/ |
| STANFORD JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW | http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjil/ |
| STANFORD LAW REVIEW | http://www.stanfordlawreview.org/ |
| TEXAS LAW REVIEW | http://www.texaslrev.com/ |
| UCLA LAW REVIEW | http://uclalawreview.org/ |
| UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LAW REVIEW | http://lawreview.uchicago.edu/ |
| UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LAW REVIEW | http://www.law.uc.edu/ |
| UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LAW REVIEW | http://illinoislawreview.org/ |
| UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW | http://www.pennjiel.com/index.html |
| UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA LAW REVIEW | http://www.pennumbra.com/ |
| VANDERBILT LAW REVIEW | http://www.vanderbiltlawreview.org/ |
| YALE LAW JOURNAL | http://www.yalelawjournal.org/ |
| WISCONSIN LAW REVIEW | http://wisconsinlawreview.org/ |
| WASHINGTON LAW REVIEW | http://www.law.washington.edu/WLR/ |
| JOURNAL OF EMPIRICAL LEGAL STUDIES | http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1740-1453 |
| NOTRE DAME LAW REVIEW | http://ndlawreview.org/ |
| PSYCHOLOGY PUBLIC POLICY AND LAW | http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/law/ |
| SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LAW REVIEW | http://lawweb.usc.edu/why/students/orgs/lawreview/index.cfm |
| RUTGERS LAW REVIEW | http://www.rutgerslawreview.com/ |
| STANFORD JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW | http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjil/ |
| STANFORD LAW REVIEW | http://www.stanfordlawreview.org/ |
| TEXAS LAW REVIEW | http://www.texaslrev.com/ |
| UCLA LAW REVIEW | http://uclalawreview.org/ |
| UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LAW REVIEW | http://lawreview.uchicago.edu/ |
| UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LAW REVIEW | http://www.law.uc.edu/ |
| UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LAW REVIEW | http://illinoislawreview.org/ |
| UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW | http://www.pennjiel.com/index.html |
| UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA LAW REVIEW | http://www.pennumbra.com/ |
| VANDERBILT LAW REVIEW | http://www.vanderbiltlawreview.org/ |
| YALE LAW JOURNAL | http://www.yalelawjournal.org/ |
| WISCONSIN LAW REVIEW | http://wisconsinlawreview.org/ |
| WASHINGTON LAW REVIEW | http://www.law.washington.edu/WLR/ |
| JOURNAL OF EMPIRICAL LEGAL STUDIES | http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1740-1453 |
| JOURNAL OF EMPIRICAL LEGAL STUDIES | http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1740-1453 |
| VIRGINIA LAW REVIEW | http://virginialawreview.org/ |
| UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH LAW REVIEW | http://lawreview.law.pitt.edu/ |
| JOURNAL OF LEGAL STUDIES | http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/journals/journal/jls.html |
| LEGAL AND CRIMINOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY | |
| LEGAL MEDICINE | |
| OXFORD JOURNAL OF LEGAL STUDIES | http://ojls.oxfordjournals.org/ |
| ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE | http://www.rjlm.ro/ |
| SOCIAL & LEGAL STUDIES | http://sls.sagepub.com/ |
| POLAR-POLITICAL AND LEGAL ANTHROPOLOGY REVIEW | http://www.polaronline.org/ |
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| Asian Journal of International Law | http://www.asianjil.org/ | ||
| The Cambridge Law Journal | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| Canadian Journal of Law and Society / La Revue CanadienneDroit et Societe | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| Continuity and Change | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| Ecclesiastical Law Journal | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| European Business Organization Law Review (EBOR) | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| European Constitutional Law Review (EuConst) | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| Global Constitutionalism | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| Hague Journal on the Rule of Law | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| Health Economics, Policy and Law | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| International & Comparative Law Quarterly | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| International Journal of Cultural Property | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| International Journal of Law in Context | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| International Review of the Red Cross | http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/international-review/index.jsp | ||
| International Theory | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| Israel Law Review | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| Journal of African Law | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| Law and History Review | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| Legal Information Management
| http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| Legal Theory | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| Leiden Journal of International Law | http://www.grotiuscentre.org/leiden-journal.aspx | ||
| Netherlands International Law Review | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| Netherlands Yearbook of International Law | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| Social Philosophy and Policy | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| Transnational Environmental Law | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| World Trade Review | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law | http://journals.cambridge.org/ | ||
| Behavioral Sciences and the Law | http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-BSL.html | ||
| Catholic University Law Review | http://lawreview.law.edu/ | ||
| CriminalLawandPhilosophy | http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item2705177/?site_locale=en_GB | ||
| International Journal for the Semiotics of Law | http://www.springer.com/law/journal/11196 | ||
| Journal of Arts Management Law and Society | http://www.artsmanagement.net/index.php?module=News&func=display&sid=933 | ||
| Journal of Commonwealth Law and Legal Education | http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rjcl20/current | ||
| Journal of the History of International Law | http://www.brill.com/journal-history-international-law-revue-dhistoire-du-droit-international | ||
| LawandHistoryReview | http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=LHR | ||
| LawandHumanBehavior | http://www.springer.com/psychology/psychology+%26+law/journal/10979 | ||
| LawandPhilosophy | http://www.springer.com/philosophy/value+theory/journal/10982 | ||
| Law, Culture and the Humanities | http://lch.sagepub.com/ | ||
| Middle Eastern Law and Governance | http://www.law.utoronto.ca/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/middle-east-law-and-governance-journal-melg | ||
| Psychology, Crime and Law
| http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/gpcl20/current | ||
| Psychology, Public Policy, and Law | http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/law/index.aspx | ||
| Review of Central and East European Law | http://www.brill.com/review-central-and-east-european-law | ||
APPENDIX 4
Sample Texts
Text 1.
Resolution 1594 (2007)[13]
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