Exchange lists with another student. What do you think the words mean? Use the context, grammar and your knowledge of similar words to help. Then check in a dictionary.
Complete the table.
WORD FAMILY experience WORD FAMILY memory
Nouns ________Adjectives _________ Nouns ________ Verbs ____________
________ _________ ________ Adverbs____________
Verbs ________ Adjectives_______
A Complete the text with the words below. You need one word more than once.
affected ineffective effective improve flash cards goal
It’s no surprise that many of us are determined to study smarter instead of longer.
But which scientific tips can help you get those perfect grades?
Research shows that study sessions are most effective in small, short chunks.
Instead of cramming in a 10 hour study sessions, it’s much more __________
to spread it out into twenty 30 minute sessions over a few weeks.
This is because brain is better at encoding information into synapses in short, repeated sessions
as opposed to one large one.
After prolonged nocturnal study sessions, reasoning and memory may be negatively _______for up to four whole days.
And while many of us spend hours passively re-reading our notes or highlighting a textbook studies have shown this to be __________.
It doesn’t ________ your understanding of topics nor does it link key concepts together.
_____ ______ on the other hand, are proven to be excellent memory reinforcement tools.
Whether during your scheduled study times, or during off times, like a bus ride home.
It also helps to have a specific _______ for each session.
Instead of aimlessly studying, pick one aspect you will focus on- whether it’s balancing chemical equations or learning how to conjugate French verbs.
B Match definitions 1-8 with the words in bold in the exercise above.
1 a large part of something 5 the act of making something stronger
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2 learning a lot of things in a short time, 6 a connection between two nerve cells
in preparation for an exam 7 a mark given in an exam or for a piece
3 continuing for a long time of school work
4 active at night 8 to mark part of a text with a special
coloured pen to make it easier to read
C Watch the video The nine best scientific study tips and check your answers.
Work in pairs and discuss.
The speaker in exercise 33 makes the following statements. Do you agree? Why? Why not?
Would you like to follow the tips mentioned? Why? Why not?
· Study sessions are most effective in small, short chunks.
- Instead of cramming in 10 hour study, it’s much more useful to spread it out into twenty 30 minute sessions over a few weeks.
- After prolonged nocturnal study sessions, reasoning and memory may be negatively affected for up to four whole days.
- It also helps to have a specific goal for each session.
- Practice! Practice! Practice! Even if you make mistakes, they help you identify gaps in your knowledge.
- Some studies have shown that certain types of classical music can help improve concentration.
35 Read the article extract. Write a summary. Exchange with another student and
read each other’s summary. Suggest two or three improvements.
HOW GOOGLE IS CHANGING YOUR BRAIN
by Daniel M. Wegner and Adrian F. Ward
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For millennia humans have relied on one another to recall the minutiae*
Of our daily going-on. Now we rely on “the cloud”- and it is changing how we remember the world around us.
When we presented with new information, we automatically distribute responsibility for remembering facts and concepts among members of our particular social group, recalling some things on our own and trusting others to remember the rest. When we can’t remember the right name or how to fix a broken machine, we simply turn to someone else charged with being in the know. In each case, we don’t only know the information stored within our own minds; we also “know” what kind of information other members of our social group are entrusted with remembering.
But this world no longer exists. With the development of the Internet, the human mind has been reduced from a powerhouse to an also-ran.
Inviting the iPhone’s Siri into one’s social group changes everything. Our work suggests that we treat the Internet much like we would a human memory partner. We off-load memories to “the cloud” just as readily as we would to a family member, friend or lover. The Internet, in another sense, is also unlike a human transactive memory partner; it knows more and can produce this information more quickly. Almost all information today is readily available through a quick Internet search. It may be that the Internet is taking the place not just of other people as external sources of memory but also of our own cognitive faculties. The Internet may not only eliminate the need for a partner with whom to share information – it may also undermine the impulse to ensure that some important, just learned facts get inscribed into our biological memory banks. We call this the Google effect.
One recent experiment from our group demonstrated the extent to which the Internet is beginning to replace a friend or family member as a companion in sharing the daily tasks of remembering.
We found that those who believed the computer had saved the list of facts were much worse at remembering. It seems that the propensity for off-loading information to digital sources is so strong that people are often unable to fix details in their own thoughts when in the presence of a cyberbuddy.
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Another of our group’s experiments looked at how quickly we turn to the Internet when trying to answer a question. The Internet stores information, retrieves it in response to questions and even interacts with us in surprisingly human ways, remembering our birthday and even responding to voice commands.
In other ways, The Internet is not like any person we have ever met before - it is always present, it is always on and knows virtually everything. The information you can get to with a smartphone is vastly greater in scope than can be stored by any single person - or, many times, entire groups. The information retrieved from the Internet now arrives sometimes more quickly than what we pull out of our own memories. But this doesn’t mean that we are in danger of losing our own identity.
The advent of the “information age” seems to have created a generation of people who feel they know more than ever before - when their reliance on the Internet means that they know ever less about the world around them.
Yet as we are freed from the necessity of remembering facts, we may be able as individuals to use our newly available mental resources for ambitious undertakings. And perhaps the evolving Intermind can bring together the creativity of the individual human mind with the Internet’s breadth of knowledge to create a better world.
*minutiae.[mɪˈnjuːʃɪiː] - pl n мелочи, детали
BBC LEARNING ENGLISH
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