Languages, nationalities and academia
Variant 1
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Reading
Task 1
Read the text below. Match choices headings (A-G) to paragraphs (1-5). There are two choices you do not need to use. Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.
Writing and Righting Rights
1. _________ ‘Morality is a private and costly luxury’, wrote the author Henry James, in a statement that seems to condemn all the poor and mistreated to the rubbish heap. Indeed, while morality has been defined in the United Nations; ‘human rights’ declarations, upholding such values is neither cheap nor straightforward.
2. _________ The declaration, formed and ratified after the Second World War, and in particular the dreadful treatment of those affected by the Holocaust, focused mainly on civil and political rights. Despite international support and the compelling nature of the statements it sought to uphold, the document proved too vague for use in court. Consequently, in the 1960s, two more covenants, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, were added so as to make the declaration more legally binding.
3. _________ During the years that followed, support for the two covenants split. Capitalist countries put more emphasis on upholding the political and civil rights enshrined in the former covenant. Communist countries favoured the social and economic rights of the latter. And while the West accused the Soviet Union of neglecting citizens’ civil rights, the Soviet government’s response was that it considered social and economic rights more important. Current communist governments make the same argument today.
4. _________ Activist groups, at least those that were founded in the west such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, have unsurprisingly focused on civil rights. By exposing the plight of torture victims and political prisoners, they have managed to put pressure on unjust regimes, and, with their not inconsiderable clout, have occasionally managed to shame leaders into improving conditions. Much less emphasis has been placed on the second covenant, meaning that socio-economic rights, such as housing, food, health care and fair wages, have gone unchecked. This is set to change, however, as human-rights groups seek to persuade governments to give equal importance to the right to vote as to the right to a home and regular meals.
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5. __________ Considering the size of the population who are not currently benefitting from such provisions, this may seem like a fool’s errand. But human rights veterans have achieved the seemingly impossible before. Twenty five years ago, nobody believed that Amnesty International’s letter-writing and lobbying tactics could bring down torturers and censors, yet they have succeeded on multiple occasions.
A) The motion is carried
B) A proposal to adopt a wider perspective
C) Where there is a will, there is a way
D) Opposing priorities
E) Initial efforts to support human rights
F) The price of ethics
G) Examples of recent campaigns
Task 2.
Read the text below. For Questions 6-10, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D. Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.
Social networks
Business applications
Social networks connect people at low cost; this can be beneficial for entrepreneurs and small businesses looking to expand their contact base. These networks often act as a customer relationship management tool for companies selling products and services. Companies can also use social networks for advertising in the form of banners and text ads. Since businesses operate globally, social networks can make it easier to keep in touch with contacts around the world.
Medical applications
Social networks are beginning to be adopted by healthcare professionals as a means to manage institutional knowledge, disseminate peer to peer knowledge and to highlight individual physicians and institutions. The advantage of using a dedicated medical social networking site is that all the members are screened against the state licensing board list of practitioners. The role of social networks is especially of interest to pharmaceutical companies who spend approximately "32 percent of their marketing dollars" attempting to influence the opinion leaders of social networks.
Languages, nationalities and academia
Various social networking sites have sprung up catering to different languages and countries. The popular site Facebook has been cloned for various countries and languages and some specializing in connecting students and faculty.
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