BREST - BELOVEZHA FOREST RESERVE(18 h/2 days)
Famous places of Minsk
Оглавление
1. ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS OF THE MIR AND NESVIZH(9 h). 1
THE TEMPLES OF MINSK (3 h). 5
POLOTSK - THE MOST ANCIENT CITY OF BELARUS (13 h). 5
BREST - BELOVEZHA FOREST RESERVE(18 h/2 days). 5
Khatyn. 6
Brest Fortress. 6
7. EFROSINYA POLOTSKAYA.. 8
8. FAMOUS PEOPLE OF BELARUS. 8
9. GOMEL (14 h). 9
10. A WEB SITE DEVOTED ESPECIALLY TO THE BELOVEZHSKAYA PUSHCHA.. 10
11. Mirth and Nesvizh (120 km from Minsk). 11
ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS OF THE MIR AND NESVIZH (9 h). 12
12. POLOTSK - THE MOST ANCIENT CITY OF BELARUS (13 h). 16
13. THE MAGNIFICENT GRODNO (13 h). 17
14. The names of the famous places in Belarus. 18
ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS OF THE MIR AND NESVIZH(9 h)
In the Mir you will get acquainted with a pearl of the Belarussian architecture - the Mir castle - the first monument of the national culture which have been switched in the List of the world heritage of UNESCO. Constructied by magnates Il'inichi in 1540 in the style of the Belarusian gothic style, it amazes with greatness and today. 5 towers in height up to 27 m are connected among themselves by thick defensive walls. The unique ensemble of the castle is organically entered in environmental landscape. The castle is one of the most popular excursion objects of the republic.
The program of excursion includes acquaintance with well-known the Nesvizh castle - a former residence of a powerful magnate family of Belarus Radzivill's. For decorate of their residence the best European architects, artists, woodcarvers, gardeners - display arrangers, jewellers (the legend about hidden gold apostles Radzivillov does not give rest to much till now) were invited. Nesvizh has turned into one of the most beautiful nooks of Belarus. You will see splendid monuments which gave a name to city "Northern Paris", "inofficial capital of the Great Lithuanian Principality". They are Sloutsk Gate (1690 yr), the town's square with the Town Hall, the Catholic church, the building of a printer's and the great belarusian enlightener Symon Budny monument, well-known park complex. Nesvizh is a city-treasure which charm is not lost in the course of time. The excursion is one of the most popular in republic.
Brest
The people highly appreciated the feat of the defenders of Brest fortress. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 8 May 1965 Brest fortress was awarded the honorary title “Fortress-hero” with the presentation of the Lenin order and the medal “Gold Star”, which were placed on perpetual deposit in the museum of the memorial complex.
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By enactment of the Council of Ministers of the BSSR a creative group was founded in 1967 with the purpose of developing the project of a monument. It was headed by sculptor Aleksandr Pavlovich Kibalnikov, a laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes of the USSR, a popular painter of the USSR. The creative group included: V. Korol, a popular architect of the USSR; sculptor A. Bembel, a popular painter of the BSSR; V. Zankovich, a laureate of the Lenin Prize; architect O. Stakhovich, a laureate of the State Prize; architect G. Sysoyev, a laureate of the State Prize of the BSSR; sculptor V. Bobyl; architects V. Volchek and Yu. Kazakov.
25 building and construction organisations sent their best specialists to erect the memorial. The collectives of Brest enterprises, organisations and educational institutions participated actively in the construction of the memorial complex.
A mourning meeting took place in the fortress on 18 September 1971. The mortal remains discovered during the construction in the territory of the memorial, as well as those of the fortress defenders who had been interred in the garrison cemetery before were buried with great respect under memorial gravestones.
The inauguration of the memorial complex "Brest fortress-hero" was held on 25 September 1971. One of the honourable visitors was writer Sergey Sergeyevich Smirnov, who had dedicated more than 10 years of his life to the search of fortress defenders. He had restored for history the names of the dead heroes, and become a support and close friend of the survivors. For the book “Brest fortress”, which raised several generations of readers, S.S. Smirnov was awarded the Lenin prize.
The integrated architectural and artistic complex, which immortalised the legendary but true story of the heroes of Brest fortress, represents ruins of the old fortress, battle spots, and monumental sculptural compositions.
The Main entrance has become an original overture to the sculptural poem. A five-point star, a symbol of military valour and honour, looks as if it is carved in a reinforced-concrete block. Sounds of the metronome counting down the last peaceful moments are heard under the vaults of the Main entrance. Then one can hear the increasing roar of the approaching bombers; the deafening howling and thunder of exploding bombs and shells; the song “The Sacred War” by A. Aleksandrov is played; announcer Yu. Levitan reads the text of the governmental message on occasion of the treacherous aggression of the troops of fascist Germany against the Soviet Union.
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The central alley leads to the Citadel. The sculptural composition “Thirst” symbolising thirst for life, struggle and victory is erected to the left of the bridge on the bank of the Mukhavets River. Ceremonial Square begins from the ruins of the White Palace. The 100-m titanium-coated bayonet obelisk, a symbol of military bravery, can be seen from afar. The Main monument 31.5 m in height and 50 m in width, made of reinforced concrete, towers over the ruins of the former Engineering board. In the severe stare of a warrior, who looks as if he is stepping forth from an unfolded banner, one can see sorrow at his dead comrades, enormous will-power, courage and inflexible resolution to stand to the bitter end. On the backside of the monument one can find bas-reliefs representing the most important episodes of the fortress defence.
Three tiers of granite gravestones are situated in the centre of the architectural complex. The remains of 962 people who died in the fortress lie under them. The names of 269 fortress defenders and members of their families are written on the gravestones. The others are mentioned as “unknown”.
Eternal flame is burning in front of the ruins of the former Engineering board in a cavity coated with black labradorite. The moderate and majestic melody “Daydreams” by Schumann imparts special emphasis to the words inscribed at the fire: “They have stood to the death. Praise the heroes!” Piotr MironovichMasherov, First secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist party of Byelorussia, a Hero of the Soviet Union, lit the eternal flame on the day of the inauguration. A memorial area of the cities-heroes was laid near the eternal flame on 9 May 1985.
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Not only the music and sound accompaniment has an influence upon the visitors, but also the evening artistic and decorative illumination of the memorial. The footpaths and the square in front of the Main entrance are coated with red asphalt. The territory of the memorial is planted around with roses, weeping willows, thujas, and silver fir-trees.
During the years of the museum and the memorial the fortress on the Bug has become a centre of military and patriotic upbringing. Many good traditions have formed there. Memorial groups from schools and vocational schools of the city keep honourable watch on the Memory Post. Every year on the Victory Day of 9 May people gather to pay the tribute to the dead and living participants of the Great Patriotic War. Young soldiers of Brest garrison swear on the sacred ground of the fortress. Newly wedded couples bring flowers to the fortress on the wedding day. On 1 September students are presented with student cards in Ceremonial Square.
St. Nicholas’ church, which was handed to Brest/Kobrin eparchy in 1994, is situated in the territory of the fortress. Since September 1995 Orthodox believers have been coming to find spiritual satisfaction there. Requiem liturgies are chanted yearly on 22 June to honour those who died in that territory. Works on the general overhaul and restoration of the memorial complex and the temple are going on.
People of all ages, convictions and trades come to the fortress, and few of them remain indifferent, and few of them are not shocked at what they can see or hear there. In opening pages of the history of the Great Patriotic war for the young generation, Brest fortress and its defenders have tenderly kept the memory of the past during all those years and helped treat the present with wisdom and responsibility.
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In the early 1960's it was decided to create a memorial complex in the fortress. The entire country was involved in it. Contributions flowed into Byelorussia from citizens in all areas of the country. Hundreds and thousands of roubles were donated for the construction of this memorial. These contributions alone were not sufficient, naturally, but they signified the feelings of the people involved. Hundreds of sculptors, artists, and architects took part in competitions for the best project for the memorial. The final project chosen was carried out by a team of Russian and Byelorussian artists and architects: Alexander Kibalnikov (chief artist), People's Artist of the USSR and Lenin and State Prizes winner; Vladimir Korol (chief architect), People's Architect of the USSR; Andrei Bembel, People's Artist of the Byelorussian SSR; Valentin Zankovich, Lenin Prize winner; GeorgiSysoyev, winner of the State Prize of the Byelorussian SSR; sculptor Vladimir Bobyl; architects Victor Volchik and Yuri Kazakov, and Oleg Stakhovich, winner of the State Prize of the Byelorussian SSR. The general project was adopted by the Soviet of Ministry of Belarus in November 6, 1969. The Heroic Brest Fortress memorial complex was unveiled at an official ceremony on the fortress grounds on September 25, 1971. The complex consists of the fortress, the surrounding landscape, and the memorial structures.
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The ruins and the walls are carefully preserved. Restoration and conservation work has been carried out on the Kholm Gate, and the ruins of the Engineering. Headquarters in front of the main monument are also being preserved.
The main part of the memorial complex is the Square of Ceremonies where of the most important meetings take place and young soldiers swear an oath to be worthy of their fathers' and grandfathers' glory and to be loyal to their country on this sacred land. And the building of the Museum of the Defence of the Brest Fortress and the ruins of the White Palace adjoin the Square of Ceremonies.
The Compositional Centre of the Complex is the Main Monument "Courage" by name which is made of concrete, 33,5 metres high, on the black side of which there are carvings. They tell about the separate episodes of the heroic defence. "The Counterattack", "The Meeting of the Commanding Officers", "The Last Grenade", "The Machine Gun Men".
The bayonet obelisk is seen from any part of the Fortress. This obelisk is equipped with a specially constructed counter weights at the 91 metre and 93 metre marks weighting, respectively, 2 tons and 3,65 tons. The total weight of the Bayonet obelisk is 620 tons 100 metres high.
The visitors walk up the stone steps leading to the Eternal Flame and read the words "They stood to the last man. Glory to our heroes", and one understands better the feat performed by the fortress defenders, men and woman who loved life and dreamed of happiness on earth. The Pantheons three rows of tombstones link the main monument and the bayonet obelisk into one whole (the length of each row is 45 metres the height is 3 metres and the height is 80 centimetres).
The tombstones bear the names of the fallen heroes. However, the word "unknown" is also seen very often. Today, the names of 265 of 962 defenders of the fortress buried here are known. The search for their names continues.
Keeping the fortress grounds green is also important for the memorial complex. Thousand of roses, weeping willows oaks and other trees were planted here.
The lighting, music and sound effects at the memorial are an important emotional element in its perception. At night the complex and the fortress walls are lit up by 500 floodlights and more than 760 lamps of red, white, green colours. At the main entrance one can hear the song "Sacred War" and the voice of radio announcer saying: "Today at 4 o'clock in the morning, the German Army invaded the Soviet Union without any declaration of war" read by U. Levitan. At the Eternal Flame one can hear the music by Shuman. In a temple of the Brest Fortress, which is in a process of restoration since 1995 on June 22, on the Day of Memory and Grief, there has been a funeral service in honour of the killed during World War II.
THE TEMPLES OF MINSK
(3 h)
Acquaintance with the history of christian faiths on Belarus. Visiting the St. Spirits Cathedral of Virgin Mary constructed in 1642 where Minsk's icon of the Virgin Mary is kept which came from the Kiev on waters river Svislotch according to a legend. You'll survey the saved ancient frescos of acting the Cathedral of Peter and Paul of XVII c; the Cathedral Catholic church of Virgin Mary (1710) which are on the territory of the Top market. These 3 acting temples forms an original spiritual dominant of the city. And on the central square of the capital towers since 1910, reminding about died children of landowner E.Vojnilovicha the Simeon and Alyona catholic church ("Red church", which already became the visiting card of republic). Visiting of an orthodox cemetery on Dolgobrodscaya street and St. A.Nevskogo's church, are built in 1898 in honour of a victory Russian armies in russian-turkish war, where the icon of the Savior which wrote Russian painter Nikolas Ge are kept; a church St. Rokh of XIX c, under which vaults it is possible to listen to organ's music in the Hall of chamber music.
POLOTSK - THE MOST ANCIENT CITY OF BELARUS
(13 h)
Arisen on a trading way "from variag to Greeks", Polotsk for the first time mentions in the ancient annals "the Story of time years". In X-XII cc. the capital of the Polotsk princedom was Polotsk; the Scandinavian sagas narrate about the Polotsk teams gone under walls Tsargrad; "Word about shelf Igor" glorify courage of townsmen and wisdom of prince Vseslav.
During a sightseeing tour you'll visit the Sofia Cathedral which like a white bird has risen on a high coast of Zapadnaya Dvina already in XI c, will visit a museum, and it is possible, will hear a concert organ's music. We'll visit to Spaso-Euphrasinia church laid down in 1120: it amaze with the architectural forms and a miracle the escaped frescos of XII c. EphrasiniaPolotskaya's power - Heavenly patroness of Belarus are based in the cathedral. You will get acquainted with a history of publishing in the Museum of the Belarussian publishing, that in a building of brotherly school at former man's at a monastery: here in XVIII c the poet and playwright Symon Polotsky taught. The defensive earthen shaft reminds about Livonian war, "the Red bridge" - about events 1812. In the centre of the city is the monument of the first printer Frantsysk Skaryna, native of Polotsk. There are 97 monuments of archeology, histories and cultures under protection of the state is situated in Polotsk. You can get acquainted on the excursion with the most interesting of them.
BREST - BELOVEZHA FOREST RESERVE(18 h/2 days)
The sightseeing tour on frontier city, the first mention about which meets in 1019. Visiting of a unique archeologic museum "Ancient Brest" with excavation IX-XIII cc; ruins on territory of a fortress; the St. Nicholas church. Visiting of a memorial complex "Brest is the fortress-hero": bastions, forts, ruins of buildings - all here is devoted to the heroic defense which has glorified Brest for the whole world. Visiting of the Museum of the rescued values at the Brest customs house. Excursion on the Belovezha forest reserve which has been switched in the List of the Worldheritage of mankind - the largest in the Central Europe large forest saved almost untouched since XIII c. Tsar of a dense forest - the aurochs, the largest and rare representative of fauna in Europe. You can observe in almost natural conditions of aurochs, bisons, etc. animals; to survey the Trinity church (1583) in v. Tchernavtchitsy - former residence of Radzivill's; the unique White Tower in Kamenetz (1276). Visiting governmental residence Visculi where in 1991 the contract about destruction the USSR was signed is possible.
Khatyn
A memorial complex, 54 km from Minsk by the Vitebsk highway. On March 22, 1943 German fascists burnt down a small village Khatyn together with its dwellers - 149 people died in fire, 75 of them were children. There are 186 such villages in Belarus. The memorial "Khatyn" is an eternal memory of the victims of WWII, in which every fourth Belarusian perished. The eternal fire, burning among three silver birches, symbolizes this loss, and the bells, the mournful voice of which is heard every minute, say to the mankind: "Remember!" The Place is stunning by its spirit of tragedy that leaves nobody indifferent.
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BrestFortress
The Brest fortress was built in the middle of the 19th century on the site of an ancient town, on the islands formed by the rivers the Western Bug and the Mukhavets, their tributaries and artificial canals. The important military and strategic place of Brest-Litovsk on the west of Russian empire caused the choice of the future fortress's location. The fortress's project, worked out by the Russian military engineers K.Oppermann, Maletsky and A.Feldman was sanctioned in 1830 and immediately the construction of 4 fortifications began. The central one (the Citadel) was being erected on the site of the trade centre of the city, which was therefore removed 3 km. to the east. There were built the Volynsky (the southern), Kobrinsky (the northern) and Terespolsky (the western) fortifications.Some buildings of the ancient city were rebuilt or otherwise accomodated for the uses of the garrison of the fortress.
Construction of fortifications was being continued from 1833 till 1842. The Citadel stone laying ceremony occurred on June 1, 1836. On the 26th of April 1842 the flag of the Russian empire was hoisted. The fortress entered into the number of operating fortresses of Russia. The total area of all fortifications was 4 km.2, the length of the fortification line?6,4 km. The main defencecentre was the Citadel, a curvilinear and closed in scheme two-storeyed barracks 1,8 km. in length and with almost 2 m. width walls. In its 500 casemates 12 thousand people could be accomodated with the necessary combat materiel and provision stocks.The compositional centre of the Citadel became a garrison church of St.Nicholas, built on the highest place by the architect D.Grimm (1851-1876). The Citadel was connected with other fortifications by gates and bridges. The Kobrinsky fort was reachable through the Brestsky and Bialystoksky gates and bridges over the river Mukhavets; the Terespolskyfort?through the gates of the same name and the rope-way over the the Western Bug, the largest in the then Russia; the Volynskyfort?through the Holmsky gates and a drawbridge over the river Mukhavets. Now only the Holmsky and the Terespolsky gates survived in part. The Citadel was protected by the Terespolsky, Kobrinsky and Volynsky bridge-heads. On the outer line of the fortress went an earthern rampart 10 km. high with stone casemates. Moats with bridges over them encircled the fortress. The Brest fortress was one of the most perfect Russian fortifications of that time. In 1878?1888 10 additional forts were built to strengthen the fortress. The defence line thus became 30 km. long. As a result of the second reconstruction in 1911?1914 the fortification line was completely modernized: at a distance of 6-7 km. from the Brest fortress a new line of forts was erected. But the construction and reconstruction of forts was not completed before the first world war. In August 1915 the Russian headquarters evacuated the garrison and blew up some fortification, newly built included, to prevent encirclement.
The historic Treaty of Brest was signed in the Citadel's White Palace on 3 March, 1918 (Soviet Russia on the one side, Germany, Austro-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria on the other). It was annulled in November 1918.
According to the Treaty of Riga (1921) Brest came over to Poland and since then up to 1939 the city under the name of Brest-on-the Bug was the centre of the Polesyevoivodship of Poland. The polish garrison of the Brest fortress, headed by general K.Plisowski was fighting with the fascist invaders from 14 till 17 September. Being unable to keep the fortress and not wishing to be taken prisoners, general Plisowski after discussing the situation, ordered to leave the fortress on September 16. "On the morning of the 17th the giant Citadel was taken by the 76th Infantry Regiment of Colonel Gollnik, who landed on the western riverside of the Bug in the night just at the moment when the Polish garrison tried to break through an undamaged bridge over the Bug to the west", general Guderian wrote.
The Red Army units came into Brest on the 22th of September, 5 days after the German seizure of the fortress.
With growing mobility and modernization of armament the Brest fortress lost its significance and was used further for quartering the Red Army units. On 22 June 1941 the garrison of the fortress was one of the first to accept battle with the fascist invaders.
7. EFROSINYA POLOTSKAYA
When discussing outstanding people of Belarus, we can't but mention the name of Efrosinya Polotskaya, a princess, a philosophical and spiritual leader in Polotsk principality in the 12th century.
She was born in Polotsk into the family of Izyaslavovichy in 1100. She was the granddaughter of the famous VseslavCharodey. She was a highly educated person of that period. She had a good knowledge of geography, Greek, Latin, mythology and other sciences. She was well aware of both Christian and pagan beliefs. At the age of 12 she refused to marry and entered the Convent as the rest of the members of the family were sent to the Byzantine Empire. First she was a nun and later Mother Superior of the Convent.
She did a lot of charitable work which included opening schools and hospitals. She taught other people, wrote and rewrote books by hand. She founded the Spass-Efrosinya church in Polotsk. On her request in 1161 a famous jeweller Lasar Bogsha created a Cross to symbolize Christianity in Belarus and the unity of the nation. Efrosinya Polotskaya raised her voice against intestine strife which could destroy the state. The Cross was decorated with gold, silver and precious stones. There were icons of saints, the founders of the Christianity, Efrosinya and her parents on it. It became a national sacred thing. Unfortunately, the Cross was taken out of the country during the Great Patriotic War and disappeared.
In 1173 Efrosinya decided to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Some months later she got seriously ill and died. She was buried in Jerusalem. Twelve years later the body was transported to Kiev and then returned to Polotsk to be reburied in Spass-Efrosinya church which she had founded.
Now Efrosinya Polotskaya is considered to be the protectress of Belarus. Paying tribute to her great service to the Motherland, the Belarusians restored the Cross of Efrosinya Polotskaya and placed it in the Spass-Efrosinya church in 1998. It has become one of the sacred things in Belarus.
8. FAMOUS PEOPLE OF BELARUS
The Belarusian land gave birth to many famous people whose names are known all over the world.
The history of the Belarusian culture is more than one thousand years old. The names of such Belarusian thinkers as Euphrosyne Polotskaya and Kirill Turovsky have been known since ancient times. Since the 12th century we have known the name of the great Belarusian jeweler Lazar Bogsha and his priceless creation - the Cross of St. Euphrosyne, which was decorated with numerous precious stones.
The age of Renaissance enriched our culture with new names of great Belarusian statesmen, writers and printers. For example, Lev Sapega, the dynasty of Radzivil, Mikola Gusovsky and many others. The name of the first printer Francisak Skaryna and his followers Symon Budny and Vasil Tyapinsky are known throughout the world. In 2000 we celebrated the 510th anniversary of the birth of Dr. F. Skaryna, the first-printer and the first translator of the Bible into the native Belarusian language.
It goes without saying Belarusian literature has made a great contribution to world literature. The names of Yanka Kupala and Yakub Kolas, Maxim Bagdanovich, Kandrat Krapiva, Vladimir Korotkevich, Vasil Bykov are world famous. These names are followed by a number of other well-known writers and poets, such as K. Chorny , P. Brovka, I. Shamyakin, M. Tank, N. Gilevich, A. Adamovich. Their works are translated into many European languages. Many of Minsk streets are named after the Belarusian writers.
As for Belarusian art the names of K. Malevich, Mark Shagal, Ya. Drosdovich, A. Isachev, M. Savitsky and others are known far beyond the borders of our country.
The Belarusian culture is also famous for its ballet. The Opera and Ballet Theatre in Minsk is the center of the national Belarusian school of ballet. V. Elizaryev is one of the famous choreographers in the world. The national Belarusian theatre school is well-known too. The names of G. Makarova, S. Stanyuta, N. Eremenko, L. Filatov and other actors of the Y. Kupala Academic Theatre are also of great popularity abroad.
It's also a pleasure to mention the names of such famous Belarusian composers as N. Churkin, I. Luchenok, V. Alovnikov, A. Bogatyrev, N. Aladov. The Belarusian groups "Pesnyary", "Verasy", "Charovnitsa", "N.R.M." and dance group "Khoroshky" have been a great success in Europe.
Many prominent names in the history of Belarus of the 20th century are connected with two main events, the Great Patriotic War and space exploration. All Belarusians fought heroically defending their Motherland. But we are especially proud of the heroes of the last war: K. Zaslonov, E. Osipova, N. Gastello, V. Talalikhin, the defenders of Brest fortress and many others. In the family of cosmonauts there are also two Belarusians, A. Kovalyonok and P. Klimuk.
At the present day time, the time of revaluation of values, it's difficult to find heroes, especially among politicians. Time will put everything in its place and give everybody his due. But one thing is obvious: great times are created by great men. Their names are sure to become history whatever it may be.
GOMEL (14 h)
Gomel is a city of modern wide prospectuses and historical monuments, the powerful scientific, cultural centre, large transport unit. Excursion enables to meet a history of city: 200-years Gomel central park - the part of the city which have saved "window" in a history. Palace of Pascevitch - a hymn to art of XIX c, St. Peter and Paul church of the second half XVIII c with the chapel-tomb of Pascevitch - a monument of a late classicism, the Swan pond, grottoes, ravine Gomiuk, according to one of versions given the name of the city, a winter garden and a reviewed tower. Creation of the park was conducted under the order of general - field marshal P.AleksandrovichRumjantsev-Zadunajsky. The white palace became remarkable creation of Russian classicism on the Belarusian land. The accomplishment of palace-park complex of Rumjantsev- Pascevitch - an architecture, nature and culture monument of XVIII-XIX cc. proceeds today.
Built in 1785 for Count P. Rumyantsev. The main building, erected in 1785-1793 is one of the first examples of classical architecture in Belarus. The building was destroyed and burned down in the Second World War. Now it is completely restored. The complex houses a regional local museum, the Cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul, a chapel-shrine, and a park. A monument of the palace & castle architecture. International Cultural Heritage Object (1st category).
Gomel is the second largest city in Belarus. The most interesting sight of the city Is a unique monument of the XVIII-XIX c.c,—the palace and park ensemble including the palace of aristocrats and magnates Rumyantsevs-Paskevichies, St. Peter and Paul cathedral, a chapel of the Dukes Paskevichies and an ancient park. The central streets of Gomel also have several buildings of the XIX-XX c.c., which makes the city scenery originally picturesque.
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