Federal government's role in education
Since there is no federal educational system, the federal government plays an indirect role in education, but in some instances its role is vital. The federal government provides financial support for:post-secondary education, labor market training, the teaching of the two official languages (especially second-language training)
In addition it is responsible for the education of: aboriginals, armed forces personnel and their dependants,inmates of federal penal institutions.
Overall, the federal government pays over one-fifth (more than 20%) of Canada's yearly educational bill.One important part of the federal governmental contribution to education is the Canada student Loans program, which assists students who do not have sufficient resources for their studies. Provinces have complimentary (additional) programs of loans and bursaries.
Another federal initiative is Canada Millennium scholarships. It took effect in the year 2000. The federal government allocated $2,5 billion for this program to provide scholarships to more than 100,000 students each year over 10 years. (This represents the largest single investment the federal government has ever made in support of universal access to post-secondary education. Scholarships average $3,000 a year, and individuals can receive up to $15,000 over a maximum of four academic years.)
Elementary to secondary education
In some provinces children can enter kindergarten at the age of 4 before starting the elementary grades at age 6.The elementary curriculum emphasizes the basic subjects of: language, math, social studies,introductory arts and science.
In general, high school programs consist of two streams:the first prepares student for university, the second is for post-secondary education at: a community college, institute of technology, a work place.(There are also special programs for students unable to complete the conventional courses of study.)In most provinces, individual schools set, conduct to mark their own examinations. (Exam requirements vary from school to school)
In some provinces, however, there are certain common requirements for a graduation examination. To students must pass a gradational examination in certain key subjects in order to proceed to the post-secondary level.University entrance depends on course selection and marks in high school, entrance requirements vary from province to province. Besides public schools, there are separate schools as well as private schools in Canada.
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Separate schools are established in some provinces by religious groups. Separate are mostly Roman Catholic. Both public and separate schools are free. Private or independent schools offer a great variety of curriculum options based on religion, language or academic status.
Teacher training
Generally includes at least 4 or 5 years of study. To get a Bachelor of Education degree a person must graduate from a university (complete his/her university course) plus he/she must spend an additional year of educational studies. Teachers are licensed by the provincial departments of education.
Post-secondary education
For most Canada's history, post-secondary education was provided almost exclusively by its universities. (For a long time universities had practically been the only higher educational institutions, many with religious affiliation).But there was a demand for greater variety in post-secondary education, which rose sharply in the middle of the 20th century. And during the 1960's systems of public non-university institutions began to develop. Today Canada's post-secondary educational system comprises: about 100 universities,some 200 technical institutes and community colleges.Most post-secondary institutions are fee-paying. But in general student fees, owing to substantial governmental subsidies, account for only about 11% of the cost of the country's post-secondary education. Canada's universities are internationally known for the quality of their teaching and research. Examples include the neurological breakthroughs at McGill University and the discovery of insulin at the University of Toronto by a group of scientists.(Women are well represented in thru universities: they receive more than half of all degrees conferred).
Problems
Canadians are proud of their education and their pride is not without ground: Canada maintains high level of governmental investment in their education and ranks among the world's leader in per capita spending on public education. Canadians believe that the quality of education is directly related to thigh standard of living that the educational level is high for almost half the population over the age of 15 has some post-secondary schooling.But still there are some problems. The education system has been under constant strutting in recent years.
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High School leavers have been found to perform (to fare) poorly in international testing. Students leaving high school have been called essentially illiterate by universities. Business leaders consider them poorly prepared for jobs in industry.
Universities
New Brunswick (Fredericton, 1785)?Dalhousie (Halifax, 1818)
McGill (Montreal, 1821) Toronto (1827) Laval (Quebec, 1852) Montreal (1876)
Quebec’s status.Quebec /kəˈbɛk
/ or /kwpopulation -over 30 mln. people,one of the most urbanized nations In common with many other developed countries, Canada is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2006, the average age of the population was 39.5 years.
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About 40% of Canadians are of British origin About 25% are of French origin Recently people of French decent constituted 30 %, but the figure continues to fall. The majority of French-Canadians live in Quebec, The English speaking population is descendants of immigrants from the UK and the USA. Over 3,5 mln. Canadians are of Scottish or Irish origin. Canada's 3rd largest ethnic group is German. Other European minorities are Ukrainian, Scandinavian, Italian, Dutch, Polish and Greek.
Canada's population is varied due to its "Open Door" policy of immigration which began in 1890's. Aboriginal peoples are Native Canadians = "First Nations":The Indians,Inuit (Eskimo),Métis They make 4% of Canada's total population The majority of native Canadians live in the three territories and Ontario
Besides every province has their aboriginal community. Inuit make the majority of population in Nunavut. The Native Indians number some 300 000. The live mostly on reserves and are excluded from the mainstream of the nation's life.
English and French are both official languages, but 20% speaks only French, while 13% speaks both French and English. The French speaking province is Quebec. French is the mother tongue of 82% of Quebec's population. The Official Languages Act (1982) makes the French language the equal of English in all branches of federal service.But the Act hasn't ended the English-versus-French struggle. Tensions between French-speaking Quebec and the other 9 provinces remain high. The tensions reached a new level of intensity in 1974, when the Quebec parliament passed a law making French the only official language of the province.
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The English-versus-French struggle is only a part of the separatist movement in Quebec. It is the movement foe Quebec's independence. It's a political issue. Some separatist extremists resorted to terrorism. In October 1970 separatist terrorists in Montreal kidnapped a British diplomat and Quebec's labor minister. The problem of Quebec's place in the Canadian confederation remains unsolved. Many immigrants use their mother tongues. As far as the original indigenous languages are concerned, some groups of Native Indians and Inuit speak them. But in other Native Indian Communities only the older people know their mother tongue. But some words of Indian or Inuit languages are commonly used, for example: muskeg, igloo,kayak
Roman Catholics - 46%Protestants - 41%Catholics are a majority since Canada was settled by Catholics of France and Ireland. Protestants came from England and Scotland. Since Canada's population is varied there are almost all the world's regions presented there: Judaism (the considerable Jewish community in Montreal, Toronto and Winnipeg) Hinduism and Islam (have been brought to Canada by more recent immigration) Buddhism (has been brought to Vancouver and Toronto by the Chinese)
Though there are a lot of religions in Canada, the role of formal religion is diminishing. Fewer people attend churches.
Most of the National Indians have been converted into Catholicism. But nowadays there is a small but growing movement back to the original spiritual beliefs of the Native Indians. Support for religious pluralism is an important part of Canada's political culture. According to the 2001 census, 77.1% of Canadians identify as being Christians; of this, Catholics make up the largest group (43.6% of Canadians).The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada (9.5% of Canadians), followed by the Anglicans (6.8%), Baptists (2.4%), Lutherans (2%), and other Christians (4.4%). About 16.5% of Canadians declare no religious affiliation, and the remaining 6.3% are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest of which is Islam (2.0%), followed by Judaism (1.1%).
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