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Устные темы к экзамену по английскому языку ( учить)
Russian School System
Classroom work often means reciting and being tested in a written form or orally by the teacher and sometimes evaluated by the teacher in front of the class. Criticism by the teacher in front of the class is frequent and accepted.
Russian children go to school at the age between 6 and 7. They attend school for 10 years and then finish it at 16 (or17). If one does not perform properly during the acadenic year and one's grades are below satisfactory, he or she can be forced to study the failed year again ('to be left for the second year' as it is said here in Russia). They usually spend all the ten years in one buildingas all the three schools are in the same building.
School years are divided into 3 sub-schools: primary, secondary and high. Primary is 4 years, secondary is 5 and high is 2. School starts on September 1 and remains in session till the end of May, with June being the month of exams.
The school year is comprised of 4 terms with vacations in between: one week in November, two weeks in January, and one week in the end of March and almost 3 months in summer (except for the time when students are busy with their exams).
Some subjects are a must, some are optional. This is list of the normal classes tought at Russian schools:
Russian Literature
Russian Langauge
Mathematics
Algebra and Geometry (mostly studied in senior classes),
Physics
Chemistry
Russian History
World History
Geography
Biology
Foreign Languages (English, German, French, or Spanish), usually one at a time
Physical Educaion
Cooking, Arts and Crafts (for girls)
Manual Work (for boys)
Art of Drawing
Music
Astronomy
Some scools may devote more attention to certain subjects. Then it is a Spanish, Literature or Math school, whatever the area of the major school interest is.
The normal class size is 20-30 students.The students are together from the 1st till the last grade. The primary school pupils have one teacher for all the subjects tought (reading, writing, mathematics etc). As so children do not have to adjust to every new teacher of a differnt subject.
The school day normally starts at 8 o'clock in morning and finishes at 1 or 2 o'clock in the afternoon. Students come to school 5 days a week, some study on Saturdays.
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The period lasts 40-45 minutes with a 5 or 15 minute break in between. Students have four classes a day in the primary school, five or six in the secondary, six or seven if it is the senior high school.
Students are normally graded on the scale from 2 to 5 , with "5" being the top grade. Each student has his or her personal book of records of academic achievments, or the "diary" (the word, a lot of students and teachers would call it), where the teacher would record the grades for the student after a test or an oral report.
Annotation of a text: Motivation (1 модуль) (письменно написать и сдать в течении 1 модуля)
Motivation
Selection, training, evaluation and discipline cannot guarantee a high level of employee performance. Motivation, the inner force that directs employee behavior, also plays an important role. Highly motivated people perform better than unmotivated people. Motivation covers up ability and skill deficiencies in employees. Such truisms about motivation leave employers wanting to be surrounded by highly motivated people but unequipped to motivate their employees. Employers and supervisors want easily applied motivation models but such models are unavailable.
Three ways of looking at motivation are: needs, rewards and effort. The needs approach stems from the notion that peoples' unsatisfied needs drive their behavior. Figure out a person's needs, satisfy the needs and the person will be motivated. For example, a person with a high need to satisfy goals is motivated by production targets. The rewards approach is based on the expectation that rewarded behavior is repeated. Giving a person a bonus for excellent performance during a difficult harvest period encourages the person to make a special effort during the next difficult harvest. The effort approach to motivation is based on the expectation that effort brings the worker what he or she wants. The thought that working hard leads to advancement and new career opportunities is consistent with the effort approach. The effort approach includes a presumption that the employer is fair, i.e., effort is recognized and rewarded. Managers cannot reduce motivation to a simple choice of one of these approaches. Each of the three approaches contributes to an understanding of motivation and how motivation varies person to person and over time.
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«The most effective motivation for employees comes from within each employee, i.e., self-motivation. Possible indicators of self-motivation include: past accomplishments in school, sports, organizations and work; stated career goals and other kinds of goals; expertise in one or more areas that shows evidence of craftsmanship, pride in knowledge and abilities, and self-confidence; an evident desire to continue to learn; and a general enthusiasm for life.»
By students
SAINt-Petersburg STATE Polytechnical University
Faculty of Economics and Management
Department of Economics and Management of Machine Production Enterprise
Course Paper «Functions of Management»
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Education in Canada
The school system of Canada is very much like the one in the USA, but there are certain differences. Education in Canada is general and compulsory for children from 6 to 16 years old, and in some provinces — to 14. It is within the competence of the local authorities, and therefore it may differ from province to province. For example, Newfoundland has an 11-grade system. Some other provinces have 12-grade systems, and Ontario has even a 13-grade system. Grades 1—6 are usually elementary schools, and grades 7—12 are secondary schools. In some provinces there is a kindergarten year before the first grade.
Elementary education is general and basic, but in the junior high school years the students can select some courses themselves. Most secondary schools provide programmes for all types of students. Some of them prepare students for continuing their studies at the university. Vocational schools are separate institutions for those who will not continue their education after secondary schools. There also exist some commercial high schools.
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Some provinces have private kindergartens and nursery schools for children of pre-elementary age. There also exist Roman Catholic schools and private schools in some provinces. In most provinces private schools receive some form of public support.
Admission to the university in Canada is after high school with specific courses. Getting a degree in law, medicine, dentistry or engineering usually takes 3—4 years of studying. University tuition fees vary among different provinces. All provinces also have public non-university institutions. They are regional colleges, institutes of technology, institutes of applied arts, colleges of agricultural technology and others. Criteria for admission to these institutions are less strict.
English and Me
English belongs to the Teutonic or Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of the languages. It is only in the course of the last hundred years that English has become a world language. In Shakespeare's time it was a provincial language of secondary importance with only 6 million native speakers.
Nowadays English has become the world's most important language in politics and science. In a number of speakers (400 million) it is second only to Chinese. It is the official language of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the United States of America, of Australia and New Zealand. English is used as one of the official languages in Canada, the Republic of South Africa and the Irish Republic.
It is also spoken as a second language by many people in India and Pakistan. The number of people knowing English as second language may soon exceed the number of native speakers, if it has not done so already. The working languages of the United nations are English and French. All documents are written only in the working languages.
Today English has become the language of international communication. At present no other language on Earth is better suited to play the role of the world language. People who speak English fall into one of three groups: those who have learnt it as their native language, those who have learnt it as a second language in a society which is mainly bilingual and those who are forced to use it for a practical purpose - professional or educational.
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Nowadays when science and technology are progressing so fast, all kinds of specialists need English in their work. I am not confident in my English. I think it doesn't sound well. But I am a good learner. I always attend my English classes and work hard.
Schools in England
English educational system is quite different from what we have in Russia. It is class-divided. There some state schools and some private ones.
State schools are infant, junior or secondary. British boys and girls begin to go to school at the age of 5. They draw pictures, sing songs, listen to the stories and tales. Children leave infant schools when they are 7. Then they go to study at junior schools where they learn to write, read and do mathematics. Their school subjects are History, English, Geography, Arithmetic, Arts, Music, Swimming and some others. When the pupils enter the junior schools they pass abilities test. According to the results of the test and thus their intellectual potential they are divided into three groups. Boys and girls spend four years studying at junior schools.
Then they pass examinations again and enter the secondary schools. There different types of secondary schools in Britain. They are: grammar schools, modern schools and comprehensive schools. English boys and girls attend secondary schools from 11 till 16. They don't go to schools on Saturdays and Sundays. In the modern schools pupils do not learn foreign languages. In grammar schools pupils receive better theoretical education. And the other school type is comprehensive schools. Almost all secondary pupils ( around 90 per cent ) go there.
There are also private schools in England. Boys and girls do not study together there. It is common that aristocracy sons go to these schools and parents pay a lot of money for their education. These schools are called public. Independent and preparatory schools are private ones too. They prepare children for public schools and take money for the training. The teachers of the private schools can pay more attention to each of the pupils personally.It is possible to enter the best English universities after leaving public schools. After finishing grammar schools pupils have good knowledge and may continue studying in colleges and universities.
English pupils wear school uniform. It is one of the oldest country's traditions.
Education in the USA
Education is not mentioned in the Constitution, nor is there any federal department of education, so the matter is left to individual states. Education is free and compulsory in all states, however, from the age of 6 till 16 (or 18).
At 6 years of age children go to elementary school, or first grade (the second year is "grade 2" etc.). At elementary school the emphasis is placed on the basic skills (speaking, reading, writing, and arithmetic), though the general principle throughout the American school system is that children should be helped to develop their own interests.
Children move on to high school in the ninth grade, where they continue until the twelfth grade. There are two basic types of high school: one with a more academic curriculum, preparing students for admission to college, and the other offering primarily vocational education (training in a skill or trade).
The local school board decides which courses are compulsory. There is great freedom of choice, however, and an important figure in high schools is the guidance counsellor, who advises the students on what courses to take on the basis of their career choices and the frequent tests defining abilities and propensities.
In order to receive the high school diploma necessary in most states to get into college, students must accumulate a minimum number of credits, which are awarded for the successful completion of each one- or half-year course. Students hoping to be admitted to the more famous universities require far more than the minimum number of credits and must also have good grades (the mark given on the basis of course work and a written examination).
Extracurricular activity (such as playing for one of the schools sports teams) is also very important in the American school system and is taken into consideration by colleges and employers.
A.S. Makarenko
A.S. Makarenko is a great master of Soviet pedagogies and writer. His ideas of children’s education and upbringing are well known in our country and abroad.
In 1917, after graduating from the Poltava Teachers’ Institute he was appointed Head of the residential school for war orphans. In 1920 Makarenko set up the Gorky Colony and later the Dzerzhinsky Commune, educational establishments for juvenile offenders. In his practical work he applied progressive pedagogical methods. He trusted in the reforming force of the collective. For A.S. Makarenko the corner-stone of pedagogical theory and practice was the education and upbringing of children in an atmosphere of communal work.
A.S. Makarenko as a teacher is inseparable from Makarenko as a writer. His name is widely known to millions as a writer of novels, articles and stories, especially for his serious works devoted to the problems of the upbringing of the child and family relationships. “The Road to Life” (1935) has become one of the favourite books of millions of readers. His other works “Learning to Life” (1938) and “The Book for Parents” (1937) are also regarded as part of world cultural treasury. They reveal progressive, innovatory principles of education, unprecedented in the world Pedagogics.
Higher Education in The U.K.
There are more than 60 universities in the U.K. The leading universities are Cambridge, Oxford and London. English universities differ from each other in traditions, general organization, internal goverment, etc. British universities are comparatively small, the approximate number is about 7-8 thousand students. Most universities have under 3000 students, some even less than 1500 ones. London and Oxford universities are international, because people from many parts of the world come to study at one of their colleges. A number of wellknown scientists and writers, among them Newton, Darvin, Byron were educated in Cambridge. A university consists of a number of departments: art, law, music, economy, education, medicine, engineering, etc.
After three years of study a student may proceed to a Bachelor's degree, and later to the degrees of Master and Doctor. Besides universities there are at present in Britain 300 technical colleges, providing part-time and full-time education.
The organization system of Oxford and Cambridge differs from that of all other universities and colleges. The teachers are usually called Dons. Part of the teaching is by means of lectures organized by the university. Teaching is also carried out by tutorial system. This is the system of individual tuitio organized by the colleges. Each student goes to his tutor's room once a week to read and discuss an essay which the student has prepared.
Some students get scholarship but the number of these students is comparatively small. There are many societies and clubs at Cambridge and Oxford. The most celebrating at Cambridge is the Debating Society at which students discuss political and other questions with famous politicians and writers. Sporting activities are also numerous.
It should be mentioned that not many children from the working-class families are able to receive the higher education as the fees are very high (more than L1000 a year). Besides that special fees are taken for books, for laboratory works, exams and so on.
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