Add to your active vocabulary
FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN THE LIFE OF AN ENGINEER
You can't imagine an educated person who doesn't know any foreign language. It is especially important nowadays. Some people learn languages because they need them in their work, others travel abroad, for the third studying languages is a hobby.
Every year thousands of people go from one country to another either on business or for pleasure. And the knowledge of languages opens the door to any foreign country and gives them a possibility to communicate, to understand people and to be understood.
A real professional cannot do without1knowing languages, especially English as it is international language. You don't need to know Japanese when you go to Japan or Hindi when you visit India. English is spoken all over the world. You can hear it everywhere: in a street, in shops, at restaurants.
A modern engineer or even a worker deals with2instruments and machines from other countries. He must be able to read the instruction which is usually written in English.
Scientists and scholars must understand English well because they use foreign literature to write their articles and books. They must speak English fluently to make speeches at international conferences.
Diplomats need foreign languages in their work too. They make contracts3, conclude treaties4, hold negotiations5.
If you want to be a stewardess, a pilot or a businessman you must learn English, the language of international communication. Even a shopgirl or a cashier in a big department store must know at least6some phrases in English to understand a foreign customer.
Foreign languages develop our mind. They help us to get acquainted with7 new customs and traditions, make it possible to read many books in the original.
Besides, languages are very helpful in establishing friendly relations8between peoples and nations. Children and young people will understand each other better if they speak one language9.
That's why10 all the pupils should master English or other foreign languages to become a top specialist11 in any branch.
1. to do without - обойтись
2. to deal with - иметь дело с...
3. to make contract - заключить контракт
4. to conclude treaties - заключать договоры
5. to hold negotiations - вести переговоры
6. at least - по меньшей мере
To get acquainted with – познакомиться
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8. establishing friendly relations – установить дружественные отношения
9. speak one language – говорить на одном языке
10. That's why – вот почему
11. a top specialist – специалист высшего класса
Exercise 1.Look through the speech patterns and do the tasks given below.
Getting Information on the Phone
| Speech patterns I’m calling to find out…; I’d like to ask…; Could you tell me…; I’m calling about…; I was wondering if you could tell me…; I wonder if you could help me…; If you go through a switchboard, say first: ; I’d like to talk to somebody about… |
Asking a complicated question is difficult. Asking it on the phone is even more difficult.
Work in pairs. Section 1 gives you the information you need to ask your questions; Section 2 gives the answers. Match up the information with the correct answer. Then take turns to ask the questions. You must start your questions with one of the phrases from the list.
Section 1
1. You are calling the theatre to find out what time this evening's performance starts.
2. You are calling the post office to find out how to send a parcel to New Zealand so that it arrives in time for Christmas.
3. You are ringing the airline to find out the earliest flight from Tokyo to Hong Kong a week tomorrow.
4. You are ringing your doctor's surgery to make an appointment with Dr Crawford.
5. You are ringing your local paper to find out how to place an advertisement — you want to sell a pair of skis.
6. You are ringing Snodgrass and White, a local firm of solicitors, to find out about their job advertisement in your local paper.
7. You are ringing a language school to find out how much their evening courses cost.
8. You are ringing the local railway station to find out if trains are running normally again after yesterday's storm.
Section 2
a. Part-time/£60 per week/secretary/telephonist.
b. By surface before Nov 1st/By air before Dec 3rd.
c. All running approx. 20 minutes late/no buffet services available.
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d. It has been cancelled.
e. Ads must be placed by 4.30 pm on day prior to day of issue/pay cash at the office or credit card by phone.
f. Two evenings/three hours per evening/£60 per term; four evenings/three hours per evening/f 120 per term.
g. 6.30 am (then 10.30, 15.30. 19.00).
h. He is on holiday for a month/his assistant is Dr Mills.
7. PROBLEMS OF THE YOUTH
Youth is the time when a person is trying to find his place in the world. And during this search he or she comes across1 different problems, which are as important as those of the adults. The youth of the twenty first century face2 almost the same problems, which were acute to3 their parents when they were young.
One of them is a generation gap4. Every generation is unique in its experience. It has its own ideals and a system of values concerning5every aspect of human life. Adults6 always complain that the young are not what they were. These words are repeated from generation to generation.
Undoubtedly7 it is correct. In fact today the young are better educated. They grow up more quickly. They derive joy8 from more freedom. At present the young do not blindly accept9 the ideals of their parents. For them everything that the adults bear in mind10 is past history. And this is inevitable11, because different generations take different directions.
Moreover, the young look forward and the old people look backward. The adults always teach the young how to live. They apply old standards to the new way of life. The past is hanging over them preventing them from appreciating the things around them anew12. The young think that the adults have lost touch13 with everything that is important in life.
They are right, because what is important to the adults is the past. The young know what they want. They prefer to make their own mistakes rather than to listen to the warnings of the adults. The past exists to help the young to avoid unnecessary blurs14. But they do want to have them. The young want to live their own life. They want to overcome15 their own difficulties without turning back. Unfortunately the life of the young is frequently determined by the adults. The adults start the war but the young die in it. The young and adults have different points of view concerning everything. And it generates the conflict of the generations.
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In the 19th century Ivan Turgenev in his novel «Fathers and Sons» perfectly illustrated the eternal problem of fathers and children's misunderstanding. I think that parents will never understand their children. Every new generation is different from the one that preceded it. Today the differences are especially considerable. The adults always believe that they know best only because they have been around a bit longer. They don’t want their values to be doubted. The young on the other hand are questioning the assumptions16 of the adults; they suspect that the world created by their predecessors was not the best one.
It is known far and wide that the clash of tastes and value17 between generations occurs in the main in highly developed countries. Occasionally18 it was sharp, especially in the 1960s and 70s in Western Europe and the USA.
I think that the only way to solve this insoluble problem both the young and adults should be tolerant and patient. Despite19 our generation differences there are no clashes of values in our family and my parents are my best friends. They always help me, console20 me, and try to help me to solve my problems.
Another problem of the youth is the relationship of the young people with their friends and beloved. I believe in male friendship, and I doubt that there can be any real female friendship.
I think it is impossible to have a lot of friends. A person can be on good terms with21 his or her classmates, but have only one or two real friends. I believe that real friends will never betray22 each other. They will always understand and help each other. It is true that tolerance is the pledge23 of friendship. It is wonderful if your school friend will remain your friend for the rest of your life. Unfortunately, when one enters a university, school friends are often replaced by the new ones.
The problem of love is very important for the young. Today the young fall in love when they reach the age of Romeo and Juliet. Romanticism and idealism very often accompany the love of the young. Their belief in eternal love can end dramatically. Today nobody doubts about the depth of his or her passion24. It is regrettable25, but the young are not always ready to have stable relations. For a happy family life two people must understand and respect each other.
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It should be said that the young have other problems as well. They are concerned with education, money, employment, and hobby, spending their free time, communication, and the like. And of course one of the most urgent problems is the accommodation problem26. Few young people in our country have their own apartments. In the main they share the apartments with their parents even after getting married.
VOCABULARY
1. come across – наталкиваться
2. face– сталкиваться
3. to be acute to – быть острым (о проблемах)
4. generation gap – разногласия между поколениями
5. a system of values concerning – система ценностей, касающаяся
6. adults - взрослые
7. undoubtedly – несомненно, бесспорно
8. to derive joy – получать радость
9. blindly accept – слепо принимать
10. to bear in mind – помнить что-н., иметь что-н. ввиду
11. inevitable – неизбежный
12. anew – заново
13. to lose touch – терять связь
14. unnecessary blurs – ненужные воспоминания
15. to overcome – преодолеть
16. an assumption – предположение
17. the clash of tastes and value – совпадение вкусов и ценностей
18. occasionally – время от времени, изредка
19. despite – несмотря на
20. to console – утешать
21. to be on good terms with smb. – поддерживать хорошие отношения с кем-л.
22. to betray – предавать
23. (pledge) of friendship – (обязательство) гарантия дружбы
24. passion – страсть
25. regrettable – прискорбный, достойный сожаления
26. accommodation problems – проблемы жилья
ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY
1. to have a viewpoint on the life – иметь точку зрения на жизнь
2. to be common for – быть общим для
3. to deal with smb. – иметь отношение к кому-л., иметь дело с кем-л.
4. to be independent – бытьнезависимым
5. to listen to smb’s opinion – прислушиваться к чьему-л. мнению
6. to interfere in smb’s life – вмешиваться в чью-л. жизнь
7. to neglect – пренебрегать
8. to hush up – замять (дело), замалчивать
9. drug habit – наркомания
10. to become dependent on drugs – стать зависимым от наркотиков
11. to commit crimes – совершать преступления
12. to face a problem – сталкиваться с проблемой
13. misunderstanding – непонимание
14. as for me – что касается меня
15. a quarrel – ссора
16. grown ups – взрослые
17. to assert one’s rights – отстаивать чьи-л. права
18. unemployment – безработица
19. to be susceptible to – быть подверженным чему-л. (впечатлению, чувству)
20. pernicious– вредный, пагубный
21. a desease – болезнь
22. to hit smb. the hardest – ударить кого-л. самым сильным образом
23. to commit suicide – покончить жизнь самоубийством
24. to mount – подниматься, увеличиваться
25. a prediction – предположение
26. to be deprived of – быть лишённым чего-л.
27. disillusion– разочарование, разочаровывать
28. frustration – расстройство (планов), крушение (надежд)
29. an accusation of – обвинение чего-л., кого-л.
Exercise 1.Look through the speech patterns and do the tasks given below.
Emphasizing a Point
| Speech patterns That’s just the point; But the question is…; But the real question is…; This raises the problem of…; But can’t you see… |
Read through this case study. Write answers to the questions which follow. Then work in pairs and groups to act out the role play situations. Try to use the phrases from the list.
Case Study
Edward and Adrienne are students at a London polytechnic. They have known each other for two years and have been going out together for 18 months. They are very serious about their relationship. They are thinking about getting married when they leave college in a year's time. Edward is English and comes from a middle class background. His parents live in Carlisle in the north of England. Adrienne is black and is on a scholarship from her home in Zimbabwe. They both realize the problems of a mixed marriage. And, of course, there are many cultural differences. They are young, tolerant, and they help each other in their studies. Edward's parents knew he had a girlfriend, but had not met Adrienne until last week. Edward had not told them that she was black. The parents were very polite and they seemed to get on well with Adrienne. Later, Adrienne said that she thought Edward's parents seemed disappointed she was not white. Edward knew what she meant and couldn't help feeling hurt and disappointed that his parents were not more enthusiastic.
Questions
1. What do you think is Edward's biggest worry?
2. What problems would Adrienne face if she married Edward?
3. What problems would Edward face?
4. What do Edward's parents probably think of the situation?
5. How do you think Adrienne's parents will feel if she marries in England?
Role-play situations
Prepare, and then act out the following situations. Try to use the phrases in the list.
1. Edward talking to his best friend.
2. Adrienne talking to her best friend.
3. Edward's parents talking about the situation alone.
4. Edward's parents talking to their best friends.
SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
Science is a sphere of people's activity. Those who are involved in1 science are called scientists2 and scholars3. Scientists deal with exact4 and natural sciences5: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Geography. Scholars study History, Art, Literature and Languages.
The aim of their work is to understand the fundamental laws of nature and society, to analyse and systematize the data obtained6 experimentally. They work hard to investigate unknown phenomena in various branches of science.
Usually scientists and scholars working in the same field are united in Research Laboratories7, Institutes8 and Centres9. If problems are of great importance (significance) International Research Centres or Councils10 are set up. They join their efforts11 to work out different programmes which help to solve serious problems of our time. Among these problems are ecology, medicine, space exploration12, new sources of energy and many others.
Research is a noble occupation13, though it is seldom profitable14 or rewarding15. Not everyone can become a real scientist. You should work hard to develop уоur abilities to watch and see, to examine and interpret16, to be able to analyse and 
come to certain conclusions17. You should read a lot and accumulate profound knowledge18.
The history of the mankind gives us a lot of examples of great scientists who started making their scientific career since childhood.
For example the greatest English scientist Charles Darwin knew the names of all the planets when he was eight. He had wonderful collections of plants, shells, birds' eggs and insects. Charles was fond of making chemical experiments near his house. While studying at Cambridge University he continued to study nature, collecting insects. This hobby of his childhood led him to his wonderful ideas of evolution.
Another outstanding scientist Isaac Newton was known19 as a silent thinking boy. He played little with other children giving all his time to Mathematics, Mechanics and Physics. Such curiosity and diligence20 resulted in21his amazing22 discovery of the most fundamental law of the Universe - the law of gravity23.
VOCABULARY
1. to be involved in -быть вовлеченным в...
2. a scientist - ученый (занимающийся точными и естественными науками)
3. a scholar - ученый (занимающийся гуманитарными науками)
4. exact science - точная наука
5. natural science - естественная наука
6. to obtain data - получать данные
7. Research Laboratory - исследовательская лаборатория
8. Research Institute - научно-исследовательский институт
9. Research Centre - научно-исследовательский центр
10. International Research Council - международный совет по научным исследованиям
11. to join efforts - объединять усилия
12. space exploration – исследование космоса
13. a noble occupation – благородное занятие
14. profitable – прибыльный, выгодный
15. rewarding – приносящий удовлетворение
16. to interpret - объяснять, интерпретировать
17. to come to a conclusion - прийти к выводу
18. accumulate profound knowledge – накапливать глубокие знания
19. to be known - быть известным
20. curiosity and diligence – любопытство и усердие (прилежание)
21. to result in - привести к (иметь результатом)
22. amazing – поразительный, изумительный
23. the law of gravity - закон всемирного тяготения
Exercise 1.Look through the speech patterns and do the tasks given below.
I haven’t a Clue (ключ к разгадке)!
Speech patterns
I’m afraid I don’t know. I’m not sure.
I’m sorry I don’t know. Oh, it’s slipped my mind.
I haven’t a clue. I’ve forgotten.
I couldn’t tell you. It’s no good, I can’t remember.
Divide the class into two teams. One student asks the questions; another keeps the score. Each team scores I point for a correct answer, and two points if a team member uses one of the phrases from the list – admitting that they don't know the answer.
Here are 20 questions. The teams may also spend 15 minutes preparing questions for each other.
Quiz
1.What was the name of the first man on the moon?
2.What exactly were his first words?
3.What year did Man land on the moon?
4.What's the longest river in the world?
5.What country is it in?
6.What is the capital city of Switzerland?
7.Where were the 1980 summer Olympic Games held?
8.How many are there in a dozen?
9.How many are there in a baker's dozen?
10.How many Beatles were there?
11.Where was Elvis Presley born?
12.How many volumes are there in the Encyclopedia Britannica?
13.How far away is the sun?
14.At what speed does Concorde fly?
15.Who invented basketball?
16.What is the weight of a golf ball?
17.When did Queen Victoria die?
18.How many bees are there in a normal beehive?
19.What do we call a large group of sheep?
20.What is the population of France to the nearest million?
9. MY PLANS FOR THE FUTURE
When you leave school you understand that the time to choose your future profession has come. It's not an easy task to make the right choice of a job1. It is known that each school leaver has to make serious decisions2.
It is a dilemma for the whole family. Fathers usually want their children to follow their footsteps3. . Mothers don't want their sons and daughters to leave the native town. So they persuade4 kids to enter local colleges and universities.
But it's extremely5 difficult for a person to solve this problem. On the one hand6 young people want to acquire7 and accumulate knowledge, develop their skills. On the other hand it is not easy to make yourself study hard for many years. In addition they want to earn as much money as possible. Each young man would like to do flourishing business8 and to establish and run his own company9.
To make a right choice you should consider your traits of character10. To become a good doctor you must be patient11, caring12 and kind. The teacher's work requires love for children13, profound knowledge14 of subjects and the ability to explain. Detective's job is very stressful15. He must be brave, fair16, witty17 and strong.
Since childhood kids18 have been trying to choose their way in life. There are too many wonderful professions around. Very often they change their mind19. Little girls, for example wish to be actresses (stars), mega models (top models). Boys dream to become cosmonauts (astronauts), presidents, outstanding sportsmen. As years pass we understand that all the jobs are necessary and useful. And the most important thing for a person is to do any work professionally.
VOCABULARY
1. to make the right choice of a job – сделать правильный выбор работы
2. to make a decision - принять решение
3. to follow one's footsteps - пойти по чьим-то стопам
4. to persuade – убеждать
5. extremely – чрезвычайно
6. on the one (other) hand – с одной (другой) стороны
7. to acquire - приобретать
8. to do flourishing business - иметь процветающий бизнес
9. to run a company - управлять компанией
10. traits of character – черты характера
11. patient- терпеливый
12. caring – заботливый
13. to require love for children – требовать любви к детям
14. profound knowledge – глубокие знания
15. stressful – напряжённый
16. fair – справедливый
17. witty – остроумный
18. a kid – ребёнок
19. to change one’s mind - передумывать
10. PEOPLE AND THEIR RELATIONS:
APPEARANCE AND CHARACTER
The attitude of people to a person depends on many things: his character, mind, manners, behaviour, abilities and appearance. If a person is good-looking he feels more confident. Unfortunately, to be pretty or handsome doesn't mean to be happy. Very often beautiful people are stupid, stubborn1and arrogant2.And unattractive people can be intelligent, kind and generous3. That's why people say: "Do not judge by appearance".
I have many friends, but Jane Brown and Andy Johnson are my special friends4.Andy is tall and lean. Jane is middle-sized. She isn't slim, she is pretty plump5. Andy is strong and well-built6.As for Jane, she doesn't care about her figure. She is never on a diet7and hates doing morning exercises. That's why she often puts on weight8.
John took after9his father in appearance and character. His face is long and thin. His features are regular and stern10a bit. His complexion11is ruddy12. His forehead13is broad and high. He has got large wide-set and deep-set eyes. They are hazel. People remember his eyes because they are piercing14.His nose is straight. His chin is pointed. His cheeks are hollow. He has got thin lips. He is a brunette. He has got chestnut15 straight thick hair.
Jane looks like her mother. She is a blue-eyed girl. Everybody admires her expressive shining eyes. She has got thick long curving eyelashes16. Her eyebrows17are penciled, her nose is small and snub18. Jane has plump cheeks with dimples19 in them. She never worries about her hairdo, because she has got beautiful, long, thick, curly hair. She thinks she would look nicer with a short haircut, and she wants to change the colour of her hair, but her mother doesn't let her do it. To look more attractive she sometimes wears makeup: she puts a little black mascara on her eyelashes and some eye shadow on her eyelids20. She hates lipstick and never applies it because she believes that her well-cut lips are good enough.
As for their characters, I like them both. Let me give a touch21on Jane's character. It is easy to get along with her. People find her sociable22and easygoing23.Nobody can call her selfish24, greedy25, ill-bred26, angry. She is reserved27, modest and good-tempered28. I think she is of a romantic nature, she is interested in music, art, theatre. She is keen on29literature especially she likes poems. She is good at writing verses.
A lot of my classmates envy30 that my best friend is Andy. I respect many traits of his character. He is honest, brave, cheerful with a good sense of humour. He is always the life and soul31of the party.
I am proud of my friends because they are caring, faithful and sincere32. They are ready to help you when it is necessary.
We have much in common, we spend plenty of time together and I appreciate33 their charming personalities more than their appearance.
VOCABULARY
1. stubborn - упрямый
2. arrogant - надменный
3. generous – великодушный, щедрый
4. a special friend - лучший друг
5. plump – полный (о человеке)
6. well-built - крепкий, хорошо сложенный
7. to be on a diet - сидеть на диете
8. puts on weight – набирает вес
9. to take after - унаследовать от
10. stern - суровый
11. complexion - цвет лица
12. ruddy – румяный, красный, красноватый
13. forehead – лоб
14. piercing – пронизывающий, пронзительный, острый
15. chestnut - каштановый
16. curving eyelashes – изогнутые ресницы
17. eyebrows - брови
18. snub - вздёрнутый
19. dimples – ямочки (на лице)
20. eyelid - веко
21. give a touch - коснуться
22. sociable - общительный
23. easygoing – лёгкий в общении
24. selfish –эгоистичный
25. greedy -жадный
26. ill-bred – невоспитанный
27. reserved –сдержанный, необщительный,скрытный
28. good-tempered –с хорошим характером
29. is keen on- увлекаться
30. envy- завидовать
31. life and soul – душа
32. sincere – искренний
33. appreciate – оценивать
Add to your active vocabulary
(Пополни свой активный словарь)
forehead – лоб (doomed - выступающий; law – низкий; narrow – узкий)
bulging eyes - глаза навыкате (green – зелёный; steel-grey - стальные; curious - любопытный; prying - пытливые
nose- нос(aquiline – орлиный; hooked – орлиный; turned up - вздёрнутый
chin– подбородок (protruding – выступающий; round – круглый; square - квадратный)
cheeks- щёки (plump – полный; chubby - круглолицый)
lips – губы (full – полные; thick - толстые)
hair – волосы (chestnut – каштановый;red – красный; dark – тёмный; black - чёрный; auburn - темно-рыжий; wavy - волнистые)
resembles; look like – походить (на кого-н.)
eyebrow - брови (bushy – густые; arched - изогнутые)
to give a touch - затронуть, коснуться (в беседе)
sociable - общительный
easy-going - легкий в общении
Hot-tempered – с горячим характером (good – хороший; bosom – закадычный; true – верный; faithful – верный, преданный; courageous – смелый; magnetic – притягательный; dynamic – энергичный, с сильным характером; striking – удивительный, поразительный; strong - сильный)
looks; appearance - внешность
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