The Arctic Archipelago (The Canadian Arctic Archipelago)-канадский арктический архипелаг.
Boreal forest – (бореальный (северный) лес, тайга - is characterized by the predominance of coniferous trees. he boreal forest's adaptation to the immense forces of fire, glacial ice, insect infestation and disease continue to be necessary for the maintenance of the forest's ecological balance. a producer of oxygen, absorbs and stores carbon dioxide and so plays a critical role in mitigating global warming. tundra – тундра - contains areas of stark landscape and is frozen for much of the year. Instead, bare and sometimes rocky land can only support low growing plants such as moss, heath, and lichen conifers: - хвойные породы деревьев - the cypresses, junipers- можжевельники, firs-пихты, pines-сосны, spruces-ели, larches-лиственницы and yews-тис. hardwoods (broad-leaved trees): oak - дуб red oak - дуб красный white oak - дуб белый ash - ясень yellow birch - береза желтая sugar maple - клен сахарный - Banff - национальный парк Бэнф - oldest national park, established in 1885 in the Rocky Mountains in the province of Alberta. the most visited Alberta tourist destination, Attractions include Upper Hot Springs, and a 27-hole golf course at Fairmont Banff Springs Hotel, and three ski resorts including Sunshine Village, Lake Louise Mountain Resort, and Mount Norquay ski resort. Other activities include alpine and Nordic skiing, and horseback riding.hiking, camping, climbing, and skiing. woodland caribou - лесной карибу (олень) - not to be confused with woodland reindeer, a subspecies of the caribou found in boreal forests, They live in wild herds стадо, mountain goat - снежная коза - , also known as the Rocky Mountain Goat, is a large-hoofed mammal . It stays at high elevations and is a sure-footed climber, often resting on rocky cliffs that predators cannot reach, ерун have beards, short tails, and long black horns, 15–28 cm in length, which contain yearly growth rings. They are protected from the elements by their woolly white double coats. grizzly– гризли - also known as the silvertip bear or just North American brown bear, is a subspecies of brown bear. are normally solitary, active animals, but in coastal areas, the grizzly congregates alongside streams, lakes, rivers, and ponds during the salmon spawn. the Canada jay – кукша - a large common jay with a grey body, and a white-and-black crestless head halibut – палтус - is a flatfish , gray-black on the top side with an off-white underbelly. The name is derived from haly (holy) and butt (flat fish), for its alleged popularity on Catholic holy-days. 7. Cereals (corn, grain) – зерновые Cereals or cereal grains are grasses cultivated for the edible (съедобный) components of their fruit seeds (семена). Cereal grains are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop. Canada exports many agricultural products, which account for much of the country's export. Horticulture– садоводство.Horticulture is the industry and science of plant cultivation including the process of preparing soil for the planting of seeds, or cuttings (черенки). The work basically involves fruits, berries, nuts, vegetables, flowers, trees, shrubs (кусты), and turf. - the prairies, which represent 80% of Canada's farmland - the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence fertile lowlands in Ontario and Quebec. It is the major corn producing area of Canada and a horticultural region. Forestry - лесоводство, лесное хозяйство.Forestry is the art and science of managing forests, tree plantations, and related natural resources. The main goal of forestry is to create systems that allow forests to continue the process of environmental supplies and services. It is one of Canada's leading industries Wood-based industry - лесная и деревообрабатывающая промышленность.Forest-based industries include the woodworking industries, pulp and paper industries and the printing industries. They use as their main raw materials wood, paper or recovered paper and wood. New Brunswick (NB). Most of its soil is rocky and unfit for agriculture.NB has an abundance of natural resources. Forests occupy 85% of the landmass; consequently wood-based industries are a cornerstone of the economy. Wood pulp - пульпа, древесная масса.Trees provide the primary raw material for the European pulp, paper and board industry. Wood is made from cellulose fibres (волокна) that are bound together by a material called lignin (лигнин). In a pulp mill, the fibres are separated from one another into a mass of individual fibres. This is called wood pulp. One of the most important industries is the manufacture of wood pulp and paper. Primary materials (primary goods, raw materials) - сырье, сырые материалы Raw materials are materials that have not been processed. They are in the form in which they are found in nature without any thing done to them. Raw materials are made into other things. As a trading country Canada is strongly influenced by the USA, the country's major trading partner. Canada exports primary materials: metals, fish, wheat, coal, lumber, fur, soil, natural gas Anti-Americanism - антиамериканские настроения The term Anti-Americanism, or anti-American sentiment, refers to broad opposition or hostility to the people, policies, or government of the United States. In practice, a broad range of attitudes and actions critical of or opposed to the United States have been labeled anti-Americanism, and the nature and applicability of the term is often disputed Canada has begun to veer away from Washington policies. The tendency started in the 1960's when Canada celebrated its centennial (1967). Besides, Anti-Americanism was stimulated by such developments in the US like: racial conflicts, political association of John Kennedy and the Vietnam War. These were the events of the 1960's (the decade) in the US. A wave of anti-Americanism swept through Canada's intellectual circles. National debt - национальный долг.The total outstanding borrowings of a nation's central government. Also called (esp. US) public debt.The large national debtis one of the problems of Canada’s economy Toronto.Toronto (pronounced /təˈrɒntoʊ/, colloquially /ˈtrɒnoʊ/) is the provincial capital of Ontario, and the largest city in Canada. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. With over 2.5 million residents, it is the seventh most populous municipality in North America. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in Southern Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe, which is home to over 8.1 million residents—approximately 25% of Canada's population Montreal.Montreal /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl / in English is the second-largest city in Canada and the largest city in the province of Quebec. Originally called Ville-Marie, or "City of Mary", the city takes its present name from Mont-Royal, the triple-peaked hill located in the heart of the city, whose name was also initially given to the island on which the city is located 5. public school – государственная школа. State school in Australia, Canada, Scotland and the United States, a school funded with tax revenue and administered by a government or governmental agency “separate” (denominational) school –школа с учащимися одного вероисповедания. Is a publicly funded school which includes religious education in its curriculum, as opposed to a private school or public school. In Canada these are usually Roman Catholic schools which are run parallel to the public school system which has historically been either Protestant or Roman Catholic but which in recent years has become secular. There are also a few Protestant school boards. Separate school education exists in the provinces of Alberta, Ontario, and Saskatchewan [sə'skæʧɪwən] and in the Northwest Territories community college –местный колледж. Community colleges are government-regulated post-secondary institutions offering 1- to 2-year academic and pre-professional certificates, diplomas, 2-year associate's degrees and even 3- and 4-year specialized bachelor's degrees. More than 150 community colleges represent approximately 900,000 full-time and 1.5 million part-time learners at over 900 campuses across Canada. Close to 6,000 international students come to Canada for community college study each year. Canada's community colleges are also sometimes called institutes, institutes of technology, technical colleges, regional colleges, CEGEPS (in Québec), university colleges or simply colleges. the Department of Education –министерство образования.Department that administers all federal programs dealing with education. There is the Department of education in each province. It is headed by an elected (not appointed) minister. The Department: sets educational standards, draws curriculums, gives grants to educational institutions. local school board –местный отдел народного образования. A school board is the title of the board of directors or board of trustees of a school, local school district or higher administrative level. The boards: set budgets, hire teachers and negotiate with them, shapes school curriculums with provincial guideline. the Canada Student Loans Program –Канадская программа займов студентам. One important part of the federal governmental contribution to education, program, which assists students who do not have sufficient resources for their studies. (или) The Canada Student Loans Program provides financial assistance in the form of loans and grants to post-secondary students who demonstrate financial need. bursary (scholarship) –стипендия. A scholarship granted to a university student in need, (или) a monetary award made by an institution to an individual or a group to assist the development of their education. Canada Millennium scholarships – программа стипендий в честь нового тысячелетия. Another federal initiative, it took effect in the year 2000. The federal government allocated $2,5 billion for this program to provide scholarships to more than 100,000 students each year over 10 years. (This represents the largest single investment the federal government has ever made in support of universal access to post-secondary education. Scholarships average $3,000 a year, and individuals can receive up to $15,000 over a maximum of four academic years.) – (это из того что Арламенкова прислала).The Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation was a private, independent organization created by an act of the Parliament of Canada in 1998. It received an initial endowment of $2.5 billion from the federal government to provide awards annually for ten years. The foundation distributed $325 million in the form of bursaries and scholarships each year throughout Canada in support of post-secondary education. - (это из википедии) New Brunswick ('brʌnzwɪk ) University- Университет Нью-Брансуика - is a Canadian university located in the province of New Brunswick. UNB is the oldest English language university in Canada and the first public university in North America. The university has two main campuses: the original campus founded in 1785 in Fredericton and a smaller campus which was opened in Saint John in 1964. In addition, there are two small satellite health sciences campuses located in Moncton (‘mʌŋktən) and Bathurst ('bæθɜːst) (Батерст), New Brunswick, and two offices in the Caribbean and in Beijing. UNB offers over 60 degrees at the undergraduate and graduate levels with a total student enrollment of approximately 12,000 between the two principal campuses. Toronto University –Университет Торонто. Canada's largest university, Public university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1843 and reorganized in 1853 and 1887. It comprises nine undergraduate colleges, three formerly independent but now federated universities, four affiliated theological colleges, and numerous other academic units. It offers undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees in all major disciplines. Notable among its research units are centres for the study of medieval culture and society, religion, Russia and eastern Europe, international relations, drama, comparative literature, biomedical engineering, history of science and technology, and aerospace science. 6. governor general генерал-губернатор (The Governor General of Canada is the Queen’s representative in Canada and carries out all the Royal obligations when the Queen is not in Canada. The Governor is always a Canadian chosen by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister. The length of office is normally five years for the Governor General.) a distinct society (Quebec) обш-во, занимающее особое положение, имеющее особый статут – о Квебеке (is a political expression especially used during constitutional debate in Canada, in the second half of the 1980s and in the early 1990s, and present in the two failed constitutional amendments, the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord. "Distinct society" refers to the uniqueness of the province of Quebec within Canada, although here the meaning of "unique" is vague and controversial.) the Statute of Westminster (1931) Вестминстерский статут ( a British law clarifying the powers of Canada's Parliament and those of the other Dominions, and granting the former colonies full legal freedom except in those areas where they chose to remain subordinate.; is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which established legislative equality for the self-governing dominions of the British Empire and the United Kingdom, with a few residual exceptions, notably India. The Statute remains domestic law within each of the other Commonwealth realms, to the extent that it was not rendered obsolete by the process of constitutional patriation. ) (the) Senate – сенат ( one of the main sections in the Canadian Parliament; (the upper house)It has less power than the house of commons. Senators are appointed by the Governor General on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The Senate has 104 members. The main role of the Senate is to read over and examine the "Bills" sent from the House of Commons though they can also initiate Bills. The Senate is the quality control of the Canadian Political System!) the Fathers of Confederation отцы-основатели конфедерации (are the people who attended the Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences in Canada in 1864, preceding Canadian Confederation. There were 36 original Fathers of Confederation.) In a Canadian context Confederation generally describes the political process that united the colonies in the 1860s and related events, and the subsequent incorporation of other colonies and territories. The term Confederation is now often used to describe Canada in an abstract way, "the Fathers of Confederation" itself being one such usage. Provinces and territories that became part of Canada after 1867 are also said to have joined, or entered into, Confederation (but not the Confederation). Confederation is, loosely translated, a confederation of colonies. the Prime Minister(The leader of the political party that wins the election becomes the Prime Minister of Canada (currently Stephen Harper of the Conservatives). The Prime Minister effectively runs the country with the support and advice of his Cabinet.) the British North America Act (1867) закон о британской Северной Америке (The act, also known as the BNA Act, comprises a major part of the Constitution of Canada. The Act entails the original creation of a federal dominion and sets the framework for much of the operation of the Government of Canada, including its Federal structure, the House of Commons, the Senate, the justice system, and the taxation system.) Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) канадская конная королевская конная полиция ( is the national police force of Canada, and one of the most recognized of its kind in the world. It is unique in the world as a national, federal, provincial and municipal policing body. The RCMP provides federal policing service to all of Canada and policing services under contract to the three territories, eight provinces (the RCMP does not serve as provincial or municipal police in Ontario and Quebec), more than 190 municipalities, 184 Aboriginal communities and three international airports.) the Charlottetown Accord (1991) Шарлоттаунское соглашение (was a package of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada, proposed by the Canadian federal and provincial governments in 1992. It was submitted to a public referendum on October 26 of that year, and was defeated.) the Progressive Conservative Party (1854) прогрессивная консервативная партия (one of the leading political parties in Canada; was a Canadian political party with a centre-right stance on economic issues and, after the 1970s, a centrist stance on social issues.) 4 French-Canadians-франко-канадцы, канадцы французского происхождения. About 25% of Canadians are of French origin. The majority of French-Canadians live in Quebec. ‘First Nations’-коренные народы. Aboriginal peoples are Native Canadians = "First Nations":The Indians,Inuit (Eskimo),Métis They make 4% of Canada's total population The majority of native Canadians live in the three territories and Ontario Besides every province has their aboriginal community. ‘Open Door policy’-политика «открытых дверей». Canada's population is varied due to its "Open Door" policy of immigration which began in 1890's. It provided very few restrictions on who could immigrate to Canada, with the only exception being criminals, people with disabilities, the ill, and the poor. Indigenous language-туземный, местный язык. As far as the original indigenous languages are concerned, some groups of Native Indians and Inuit speak them. But in other Native Indian Communities only the older people know their mother tongue. But some words of Indian or Inuit languages are commonly used Anglophone Canadians-канадцы, чьим родным языком является английский. English and French are both official languages, but 20% speaks only French, while 13% speaks both French and English. The Official Languages Act-закон о государственных языках. The Official Languages Act (1982) makes the French language the equal of English in all branches of federal service. Separatist movement-сепаратистское движение. The English-versus-French struggle is only a part of the separatist movement in Quebec. It is the movement for Quebec's independence. It's a political issue. Some separatist extremists resorted to terrorism. English-versus-French struggle-борьба англоязычных и франкоязычных канадцев за признание государственным одного из двух языков. It is Tensions between French-speaking Quebec and the other 9 provinces. Doukhobors-духоборы. a Christian group of Russian origin. The Doukhobors were one of the sects - later defined as a religious philosophy, ethnic group, social movement, or simply a "way of life" - known generically as Spiritual Christianity. Assimilated to a various extent into the Canadian mainstream, the modern descendants of the first Canadian Doukhobors continue to live in south-eastern British Columbia, southern Alberta and Saskatchewan. Today, the estimated population of Doukhobors is over 20,000 - 15,000 in Canada Igloo-иглу (ледяная хижина эскимосов). Some words of Indian or Inuit languages are commonly used, for example: muskeg, igloo,kayak 2 1. arctic zone(арктический пояс) the regions to the north of the Arctic Circle centered on the North Pole 2. maritime climate (морской) is the climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of some of the world's continents, 3. monsoon climate(муссонный) Monsoon is traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation. Monsoon climates have monthly mean temperatures above 18°C in every month of the year and features wet and dry seasons. 4. permafrost (вечная мерзлота) Permanently frozen subsoil, occurring throughout the Polar Regions and locally in perennially frigid areas. 5. the ”Chinook”(ветер чинук) A warm dry wind that descends from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, causing a rapid rise in temperature 6. the Mackenzie(горы Маккензи) are a mountain range forming part of the Yukon-Northwest Territories boundary between the Liard and Peel rivers. The range is named in honour of Canada's second Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie. 7. the Yukon (плато Юкон) 3185 km long (of which 1149 km lie in Canada), fifth-longest river in North America, rises in Tagish Lake on the northern BC border, flows north and northwest across the YUKON TERRITORY into Alaska, where it flows in a great westward arc to Norton Sound on the Bering Sea. 8. the Columbia(река Колумбия) is a 1,200 mile river beginning in the Canadian Rockies and emptying into the Pacific Ocean. 9. the Great Bear Lake (оз.Большое Медвежье) is the biggest lake that lies entirely within Canada. It is the eighth-largest lake in the worl. 10. Lake Manitoba(оз.Манитоба) is Canada's thirteenth largest lake (4,624 km2) and the world's 33rd largest freshwater lake. It is in central North America, in the Canadian province of Manitoba, which the lake is named after. It is located about 75 km northwest of the province's capital, Winnipeg. 1
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The Arctic Archipelago (The Canadian Arctic Archipelago)-канадский арктический архипелаг.
is a Canadian archipelago north of the Canadian mainland in the Arctic. It covers about 1,424,500 km2 (550,000 sq mi). It is composed of thousands(36,563) of islands. The southeastern islands are an extention of the Canadian Shield. It can be divided into 2 regions: the Arctic Lowlands to the south and the Innuitian Mountains to the north.The Innuitians are geologically young mountains similar to the Western Cordillera, with peaks reaching 10,000 feet. Much of the Innuitian region is permanently covered with snow and ice.
The Grand Bank (the grand banks of Newfoundland)-большая ньюфаундлендская банкаare a group of underwater plateaus southeast of Newfoundland on the North American continental shelf. These areas are relatively shallow, ranging from 80 to 330 feet (24–100 m) in depth. The cold Labrador Current mixes with the warm waters of the Gulf Stream here.
The Gulf of Alaska-залив Аляскаis an arm of the Pacific Ocean defined by the curve of the southern coast of Alaska, stretching from the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island in the west to the Alexander Archipelago in the east, where Glacier Bay and the Inside Passage are found.
Hudson Bay- Гудзонов залив(French: baie d'Hudson) is a large body of water in northeastern Canada. It drains a very large area, about 3,861,400 square kilometres (1,490,900 sq mi),[1] that includes parts of Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta, most of Manitoba, southeastern Nunavut, as well as parts of North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Montana. A smaller offshoot of the bay, James Bay, lies to the south.
Mid-western provinces – среднезападные провинции.Mid-western provinces is one of the 3 groups of territorries which is Canada divided into. Mid-western provinces comprises such provinces and territorries as: Manitoba (It is located in the centre of Canada.), Saskatchewan(located in the central prairie region of Canada), Alberta (is one of the three prairie provinces.), British Columbia (is the most western province in Canada and the third largest.) each province has its own "Crown" represented by the lieutenant-governo
Territories: Yukon (Territory) (the smallest of the three territories in Canada), Northwest Territories (second largest of the three territories in Canada),Nunavut (Territory) (the largest territory and makes up one fifth of the Canada's land mass) territories are not sovereign and are simply parts of the federal realm, and have a commissioner.
The Canadian Shield – канадский щит, also called the Laurentian Plateau, or Bouclier canadien (French), is a vast geological shield covered by a thin layer of soil that forms the nucleus of the North American or Laurentia craton. It is an area mostly composed of igneous rock which relates to its long volcanic history. It has a deep, common, joined bedrock region in eastern and central Canada and stretches North from the Great Lakes to the Arctic Ocean, covering over half of Canada
The Appalachian Mountain Range – горы Аппалачи is an ancient band of mountains that stretches in a southwestern arc from the Canadian province of Newfoundland to central Alabama, the heart of southeastern United States. The highest peak in the Appalachians is Mount Mitchell (North Carolina) which lies at an elevation of 6,684 feet (2,037meters) above sea level.
ST. LAWRENCE LOWLANDS – низменность святого Лаврентия
is a fertile area of level to rolling land adjoining Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and the St. Lawrence River in southern Ontario and Quebec. Though relatively small, the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowland is the most heavily populated and productive part of Canada. The rolling landscape of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence lowlands is composed primarily of glacial landforms: glacial lake bottoms and shorelines, till plains, moraines, drumlins, eskers, and giant spillways carved by glacial streams. In southwestern Ontario the Niagara Escarpment is the only significant exposed bedrock structure.
The Great Plains – Великие равнины,(прерии) are the broad expanse of prairie, steppe and grassland which lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada.This area covers parts of the U.S. states of Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In Canada the term prairie is more common, and the region is known as the Prairie Provinces or simply "the Prairies."
Mount Logan гора Логан
is the highest mountain in Canada and the second-highest peak in North America, after Mount McKinley (Denali). Mount Logan is located within Kluane National Park and Reserve in southwestern Yukon and is the source of the Hubbard and Logan Glaciers. Logan is believed to have the largest base circumference of any non-volcanic mountain on Earth (a large number of shield volcanoes are much larger in size and mass), with the massif containing eleven peaks over 5,000 metres (16,400 ft)
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