Adjectives used inexclamations
Adjectives may either form exclamations:
e. g. Good!
Excellent!
or be part of exclamatory adjective sentences:
e. g. How nice!
How kind of you!
ADVERBS
Formation of adverbs
1.The majority of adverbs is formed by the addition of the suffix –ly to an adjective:
e.g. nice – nicely
clever – cleverly
In some cases the addition of –ly results in the following changes:
a)When the adjective ends in –y, there is a change to –i- :
e.g. happy – happily
day – daily
b)When the adjective ends in –e, the final –e is often dropped:
e.g. whole – wholly
true – truly
! but: sole – solely
|
When the adjective ends in –ic, -ally is added:
e.g. basic –basically
scientific – scientifically
! The adverb of good is well.
1. When the adjective already ends in –ly (friendly, lovely, lonely, likely, ugly, deadly, cowardly, silly), the adverb is formed by an adverb phrase:
e.g. cowardly – in a cowardly manner
friendly – in a friendly way
2. Many words beginning with a– form adverbs:
e.g. abroad, aboard, etc.
They should be distinguished from adjectives beginning with a- :
e.g. afraid, awake, etc.
This may be checked by the following test:
If an a- word is acceptable after verb of motion, it is an adverb:
e.g. He went abroad. (aboard)
However, if an a- word cannot occur after such verbs, it is an adjective:
e.g. We can’t say *He went afraid, (awake).
3.Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives. (daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, early, fast, etc.)
A daily paper is published daily
A fast worker works fast.
Function
Adverbs may function either as adverbials or as modifiers.
1) Adverb as adverbial (i.e. a constituent distinct from subject, verb, object).
This function may be illustrated by the following types of examples:
a) He explained it briefly. (The adverb is used to modify the verb. It is integrated within the structure of the clause).
b) Fortunately, many people attended Professor Brown’s lecture. (Where the adverb expresses an evaluation of what is being said).
c) If they come late, then I won’t wait. (Where the adverb connects two
clauses).
2) Adverb as modifier
|
a) Modifier of adjective:
He told us a very funny story.
|
|
|
He is a really good boy.
Note that only enough postmodifies adjectives:
I suppose he is wise enough to understand me.
b) Modifier of adverb:
They drink vodka very often.
I saw Mary well behind.
As with adjectives, enough is the only postmodifier.
You should speak loudly enough to be heard.
c) Modifier of prepositional phrase:
Look right through the keyhole!
c) Modifier of determiner, indefinite pronoun, numeral:
This is almost the biggest apple I have ever seen.
Nearly everybody was willing to go to Paris for a week.
He has been speaking for about two hours.
d) Modifier of noun:
Read the sentence below!
which indicates that the adverb may occur after the noun.
Comparison
Similarly to adjectives, gradable adverbs may be used in three types of
comparison:
a higher degree
the same degree
a lower degree
A higher degree
Comparative and superlative degree
a) Monosyllabic adverbs and the adverb early form their comparative and superlative degree by adding the suffix –er and –est to the base, respectively:
hard – harder – hardest
early – earlier – earliest
Note that soon is frequently used in the comparative degree: sooner,
|
b) Other adverbs form their comparative and superlative degree by adding the
premodifier more and most, respectively:
frequently – more frequently – most frequently
neatly – more neatly – most neatly
c)Often is inflected either as oftener or more often.
e) The following adverbs form the comparative and superlative irregularly:
well better best
badly worse worst
late later last
little less least
much more most
far farther farthest
(further) (furthest)
|
|
|
The expression of a higher degree
To express a higher degree the following constructions are used:
a) Tom speaks English better (more fluently) than I do.
b) Tom speaks English most fluently.
which means “very fluently”
B. The same degree
Comparison at the same degree is formed by the folllowing:
Tom speaks English as fluently as I do.
C. A lower degree
A lower degree is marked by such constructions as:
Tom doesn’t speak English so (as) fluently as I do.
Tom speaks English less fluently than I do.
Дата добавления: 2018-06-01; просмотров: 390; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!