MATHEMATICS – THE LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE
One of the foremost reasons given for the study of maths is use a common phrase, that "maths is the language of science”. It implies that even a layman must know something about the foundations, the scope and the basic role played by maths in our scientific age. The language of maths consists mostly of signs and symbols, and, in a sense, is an spoken language. There can be no more universal or more simple language it is the same throughout the civilized world, though the people of each country translate it into their own particular spoken language. Some of the best known symbols of maths are numerals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 and the sings of addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), equality (=) and the letters of the alphabets: Greek, Latin, Gothic and Hebrew (rather rarely).
Symbolic language is one of the basic characteristics of modern maths for it determines its true aspect. With the aid of symbolism mathematicians can make transition in reasoning almost mechanically by the eye and leave their mind free to grasp the fundamental ideas of subject matter. The language of mathsis carefully, purposefully and often ingeniously designed. By virtue of its compactness, it permits a mathematician to work with ideas which when expressed in terms of common language are unmanageable. This compactness makes for efficiency of thought.
Math language is precise and concise, so that it often confusing people unaccustomed, to its forms. The symbolism used in math language inessential to distinguish meanings often confused in common speech. Math style aims at brevity and formal perfection. We use signs and symbols for convenience. In some cases the symbols are abbreviations of words, but often they no such relations to the thing they stand for. We cannot say why they stand for what they do, they mean what they do by common agreement or by definition.
SOPHIA KOVALEVSKAYA
S. Kovalevskaya was born in 1850. She spent her childhoodin her father's estate. The house where the family lived had a large park and the girl loved to walk there thinking about different things.
Her first teacher of mathematics was the wall. The girl used to stand before the wall and tried to understand the signs and symbols of higher mathematics.
To understand some formulas she used the textbook of physics by professor Tirtov. Professor Tirtov often visited Kovalevskaya'sparents.
The professor called Sophia a genius and insisted on her studying mathematics. But at that time it was impossible for a woman to enter any higher school. She went, to Berlin but women were not admitted to the University there either. So she found the address of a famous professor Weierstrass and went to him.
Professor Weierstrass agreed to teach Kovalevskaya privately. When three scientific masterpieces by Kovalevskaya appeared in 1874, Hettingen University awarded her the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Only her hard work helped her to graduate from the University and to get a Doctor's Degree.
She was eager to return to her native country, but did tsarist Government did not want to have women-professors inRussia. So she went to Sweden in 1883 and worked at the University inStockholm. In her numerous scientific works Kovalevskaya solved the problems which many scientists had failed to solve during many years. In 1888Kovalevskaya got the First reward of 5,000 francs from Paris Academy of Sciences for her The Rotation of a Solid at the Fixed Point. In 1889Kovalevskaya got the reward from the Swedish Academy of Sciences.
In 1889 Russian academicians Chebishev, Imshenetsky and Bunjakovsky succeeded in electing Sophia Kovalevskaya a CorrespondentMember of the Russian Academy of Sciences. On the 10th of February 1891 Sophia Kovalevskaya died of consumption. In 1896 Russian women together with some social organizations erected a monument to a great Russian woman - Sophia Kovalevskaya.
|
|
|
Annotation
The title of the text (article) is…
The author of the text is…
This text deal’s with…
The main idea this text is…
This text may be divided into … parts.
It text consist of … parts.
In the first part we find out…
In the second part the author pays attention to…
In the third part is devoted to…
In the middle the author gives a description of…
In the conclusion…
English traditions
Every country and every nation has its own traditions and customs. You cannot
speak about England without speaking about its traditions and customs. Englishmen
are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up.
The English are stay-at-home people. «There is no place like home», they say.
When they don't work they like to spend their days off at home with their families.
|
|
|
Englishmen are very fond of chimneys, that's why many of them prefer the open fire
to central heating. They like to live in small houses with a small garden. People all
over the world know the saying «The Englishman's home is his castle». They say that
English people keep to their traditions even in meals. Porridge is the dish Englishmen
are very fond of. Many of them eat porridge with milk and sugar for breakfast. Asfor
the Scotch, for example, they never put sugar in their porridge, they always put salt in
it.
By the way, breakfast time in England is between seven and nine. Then, between
12 and 2 there comes lunch time. In some English houses lunch is the biggest meal of
the day — they have meat or fish, vegetables, fruit or pudding. Some people who go
out to work have sandwiches and coffee. In the afternoon, at tea-time the English like
to have a cup of tea with milk. Some Englishmen have their dinner late in the
evening. For dinner they have soup, fish or meat, vegetables, pudding or fruit. For
supper they usually have a glass of milk and a cake or a cup of tea and a sandwich.
The English are tea-drinkers. They have it many times a day. Some Englishmen
have tea for breakfast, tea at lunch time, tea after dinner, tea at tea-time and tea with
supper. Some English families have «high tea» or big tea, ana no supper. Forhightea
they may have cold meat, bread and outter, cakes, and, of course, a lot of tea. The
Englishmen always drink tea out cups, never out of glasses. They usually drink tea
with milk.
Read the dialogue.
33
- Do you know what kind of tea do the Englishmen call «Russian tea»?
- Yes, of course. Tea with lemon in it is called «Russian tea» in England.
- Do the English eat much bread?
- No, they don't. They eat bread only with their soup. With meat and vegetables they
never eat any bread. Some Englishmen only eat one thin piece of bread at dinner.
- What holidays do the English people celebrate?
- As a tradition they enjoy Christmas very much. They celebrate it on the 25 of
December. It is the greatest holiday of all in England. Besides the English have a
custom of celebrating Mother's Day. They carefully keep this custom up. Mother's
Day is usually in March on one of the Sundays. This is a holiday for English women.
Дата добавления: 2018-05-12; просмотров: 1386; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!