After reading mark TRUE or FALSE statements. Correct the false ones.

       The weightless environment on space stations (1)_____ of as much interest to materials scientists. Scientists are (2) _____________ in a variety of physical properties of materials, such as melting points, molding characteristics, and the combining or separating of raw materials into useful products. (3)____________ the first space stations, materials scientists performed simple experiments of very short duration aboard plummeting airplanes and from tall drop towers. Scientists discovered that gravity plays a role in introducing (4)___________ in crystals, in the combination of materials, and in other processing activities requiring the application of heat. Until the advent of space stations, however, they were incapable of sustaining a weightless environment long enough to (5)_____________ these phenomena.

       The advent of space stations allowed the study of new alloys, protein crystals for drug research, and silicon crystals (6) _____use in electronics and semiconductors. Materials scientists theorized that improvements in processing in weightlessness could lead to the (7)_______________ of valuable drugs, high-strength, temperature-resistant ceramics and alloys, and faster computer chips.

The Kristall module, was (8)_____________ dedicated to experiments in materials processing. One objective was to use a sophisticated electrical furnace in a weightless environment for producing perfect crystals of gallium arsenide and zinc oxide¹ to create absolutely pure computer chips capable of (9)___________speeds and fewer errors.

       (10)________ recently, fiber-optic cables are also being improved in weightlessness. Fiber-optic cables, vital for high-speed data transmission, microsurgery, certain lasers, optical power transmission, and fiber-optic gyroscopes, are made of a complex blend of zirconium, barium, lanthanum, aluminum, and sodium. When this blend is performed in a weightless environment, materials (11) ___________ are finding them to be more than one hundred times more efficient than fibers created on Earth.

23 Work in pairs: take turns to ask and answer the questions to the text “Creating Materials in a Weightless Environment“

1. What natural phenomenon were scientists interested in?

2. What kind of experiments did material scientists perform before the first space stations?

3. What did they discover through these studies?

4. When did it become possible to sustain weightlessness long enough?

5. What did the advent of space stations allow to study?

6. In which spheres of our life can improved materials be applied?

Test each other: Look at the words and word combinations below. With your partner, try to recall the context they were used in.

25 Complete the Table (column “Application on Earth”) using the information from the text “Creating Materials in a Weightless Environment“

26. Summarize the information on materials research in space using the following plan.

            1. The effects of weightlessness on various materials

       2. The role of space stations in the production of new materials and products

       3. The results of the experiments performed on board the space station

   27. Translate into English using modal verbs can, must, need, may or their equivalents if possible.

1. Изменение физических свойств материалов можно изучать на борту космической станции.

2. В результате экспериментов в условиях невесомости ученые должны найти способы устранения примесей в материалах

3. Громоздкие (bulky) конструкции не нужно доставлять с Земли, так как их следует изготавливать на борту станции.

4. Компания “ Made in Space” смогла создать технологию 3Д печати, которая может быть использована для замены поврежденных деталей непосредственно на МКС

5. Иногда космонавты вынуждены изготовлять деталь вне МКС в вакууме космоса.

6. Новая технология позволила производить инструменты на борту, что необходимо для длительных (long term) космических полетов.

7. Несмотря на то, что А.Энштейн предсказал (predicted) гравитационные волны столетие назад, их существование было доказано совсем недавно.

Homework after Lesson 2

1) Ex. 26

2) Ex. 27

[1] По материалам http://www.scienceclarified.com/scitech/Space-Stations/Research-and-Experiments.html#ixzz40M3Pi5Z7

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