It should be mentioned that most horizontal striping spells “danger”, the safe water buoy is vertically striped.
After the sinking of the “Tricolor” in the Pas de Calais (Dover Straits) in 2002, several other vessels hit the wreck despite standard radio warnings, three guard ships and a lighted buoy. This incident spawned a new type of buoy, the emergency wreck marking buoy, which is placed as close as possible to a new dangerous wreck.
Questions:
· What are cardinal/lateral buoys used to indicate?
· How is the starboard/port side of the fairway indicated?
· How is the position of the danger indicated?
· What types of buoys are not described in this text?
· What is the reason for appearing of a new type of buoys?
Exercise 2. Choose the right variant. Study the text “Types of Lights” first.
| 1. A light which is constantly visible. | a) a flashing light | c) an occulting light |
| b) a fixed light | d) an isophase light | |
| 2. A light which changes its colour is… | a) flashing | c) red |
| b) green | d) alternating | |
| 3. A light which has a light and a dark interval of equal durations is … | a) constantly invisible | c) occulting |
| b) isophase | d) leading | |
| 4. A light which has a longer light interval and a shorter dark one. | a) a flashing light | c) an occulting light |
| b) a fixed light | d) an isophase light | |
| 5. The duration of eclipse is longer than that of light. | a) a flashing light | c) an occulting light |
| b) a fixed light | d) an isophase light | |
| 6. The most conspicuous light by far is … | a) a flashing light | c) an occulting light |
| b) a fixed light | d) an isophase light | |
| 7. The light that shows different colours one by one. | a) a flashing light | c) group-flashing light |
| b) a alternating light | d) an isophase light |
Exercise 3. Retell the text, using the expressions listed below. All new words and expressions should be added to the vocabulary of this lesson.
The text deals with…
The aim of the text is to provide some information on…
The text describes… Further it is said that… In conclusion…
The Lateral and Cardinal Lights
Aids to navigation are special structures like lighthouses, lightships, beacons, buoys, etc that are used to enhance safety. These lights and marks are prescribed across the world by the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA). In 1977 this IALA endorsed (рекомендовать) two maritime buoyage systems putting an end to the 30 odd systems existing at that time. Region A - IALA A covers all of Europe and most of the rest of the world, whereas region B - IALA B covers only the Americas, Japan, the Philippines and Korea. Fortunately, the differences between these two systems are few. The most striking difference is the direction of buoyage.
All marks within the IALA system are distinguished by: shape, colour, topmark and light. A cardinal mark indicates where the best and safest water may be found and is used in conjunction with a compass and it shows where the mariner has safe passage. A cardinal mark may indicate the deepest water in an area, the safe side on which to pass a danger or a feature in a channel such as a bend, junction or an end of a shoal. The system has special top marks that are black double cones clearly separated. Its colours can be black and yellow horizontal bands with the position of the black band or bands relative to the respective cardinal points. It should be mentioned that a cardinal mark exhibits a white light and its quadrant is distinguished by a specific group of quick or very quick flashes.
Lateral marks are usually positioned to define well established channels and indicate port and starboard sides of the navigation route into a port. A port mark is coloured red and the basic shape is a can. A starboard mark is coloured green and the basic shape is a cone.
Exercise 4. Different types of lights must be used aboard the ship. This information is taken from Rule 21 of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972. Read and translate this abstract. Then make the table about the types of lights and their characteristics. All new words and expressions should be added to the vocabulary of this lesson.
Navigation lights
In order to ensure a safe navigation, it is important to have the proper lights. Basic directions on a ship should be known in order to ensure that the ship has proper navigation lights. There are masthead light, towing light and combination light, sidelights and all-round lights.
A masthead light is a white light placed over centerline of the boat between the bow and stern. The light should show an unbroken light over an arc of 225 degrees from dead ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on both sides of the vessel. A second masthead light is required on vessels longer than 164 feet.
Sidelights are the colored lights on the port and starboard sides of the vessel. The port side light is red and the starboard light is green. These lights must show over an unbroken arc of the horizon of 112.5 degrees from dead ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft of the beam on each side. In a vessel of less than 20 meters in length one lantern can be added to the side lights.
Combination light is used on vessels with less or more than average length of the commercial ships. For example, on a vessel less than 65 feet in length the sidelights may be combined in a single fixture on the centerline of the vessel.
A stern light is a white light showing over an unbroken arc of the horizon of 135 degrees and is dead astern.
It should be remembered that towing light can be yellow. A boat with a vessel in tow must display a yellow light that has the same arc as the stern light.
All-round lights are the lights which color is determined by the use. The light shows on an unbroken arc of 360 degrees. The most common all round light is a white anchor light, displayed to let other vessels know your vessel is at anchor. Boats less than 23 feet in length who are not anchored in a waterway where other boats normally pass do not have to display an anchor light.
Exercise 5. To learn more about navigation lights get acquainted with Part C of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (Rules 20-31) and be ready to answer the following questions.
1. What are the minimum ranges of lights on vessels of different lengths to be visible?
2. What lights shall a power-driven vessel exhibit
a) when underway?
b) when towing?
c) when pushing ahead or towing alongside ?
3. What lights shall fishing vessels exhibit
a) when underway?
b) when engaged in trawling?
4. What lights shall a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre exhibit?
5. If a vessel is at anchor or aground. What lights shall be used?
Exercise 6. Fill in the gaps with the given words. Translate the text. All new words and expressions should be added to the vocabulary of this lesson.
navigable channels, open sea, American, landfall lights, danger, Europe, shoals,
cardinal system, lateral marks, buoyage systems
Buoyage Systems
There are two major types of buoyage systems: the lateral system and the cardinal system. The lateral system is used for marking the boundaries of navigable channels. The description of each buoy indicates the direction of danger relative to the course of the channel, which is normally followed. The cardinal system is used to indicate isolated obstructions to navigation such as rocks, shoals and islands as well as for isolated dangers in the open sea. The characteristics of each buoy indicates the approximate direction of the danger it marks.
The lateral and cardinal buoyage system is principally used world wide. However, for the lateral buoyage system there exist two different implementations.
Buoyage system "Region A" is used in Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia. Buoyage system "Region B" is used on the American continent as well as in Japan, Korea and the Philippines. The lateral system is of high important that’s why it should be studied. Lateral Marks means direction of buoyage. Lateral marks are generally for well-defined channels and there are two international Buoyage Regions - A and B - where these Lateral marks differ. Where in force, the IALA System applies to all fixed and floating marks except landfall lights, leading lights and marks, sectored lights and major floating lights. The standard buoy shapes are cylindrical (can), conical, spherical, pillar and spar, but variations may occur.
It is important to remember that buoyage is only a guideline. Local lighthouse or coast guard authorities may occasionally decided to deviate from (уклоняться от) the IALA recommendations. An experienced navigator will use all his skills to assess how much faith to place in any navigational aids.
Exercise 7. Choose the proper word. Translate the text. All new words and expressions should be added to the vocabulary of this lesson.
Types of Marks
The IALA Maritime Buoyage System applies to all fixed and (swimming, floatable, floating) marks, other than lighthouses, sector lights, leading lights and day marks. Most lighted and unlighted (icons, beacons, cones) other than leading marks are included in the system. In general, beacon top marks will have the same shape and color as those used on (buoys, buoys, boyus). The IALA buoyage system provides five types of marks which may be used in any combination: lateral and cardinal marks, (insulated, isolated, isulated) danger and safe water marks and special marks.
Lateral marks indicate port and starboard sides of (navigation, navigable, navigated) channels. Cardinal marks (named "Eastern marks", "Southern marks", "Western marks" and "Northern marks") indicate that the navigable water lies to the named (direction, current, tend) of the mark. Isolated danger marks are erected on or moored directly over dangers of (separated, limited, detached) extend, e.g. an isolated shoal, rock or reef. (Save, Safe, Sake) water marks can indicate, for example, mid channel buoys. Special marks indicate special features e.g. spoil grounds or prohibited (encourages, anchorages, station). Their purpose is determined from the nautical chart or other nautical documents. The special marks will be yellow can, conical or spar buoys. Top mark, if any, will be a yellow cross.
In contrast to a cardinal mark an "isolated danger mark" has navigable water all around its position. The nautical chart may show some information on the extention of the hazard, otherwise keep an appropriate safety distance to the danger mark. Isolated danger marks are colored black with one or more red horizontal bands. Light, when fitted is a white flashing light showing a group of two flashes (Fl.(2) W).
New dangers and wrecks, not yet indicated in the charts, will be marked according to this system. If the danger is especially grave, at least one of the marks is (copied, duplicated, reviewed). The duplicated marks are identical. One of the duplicated marks may be fitted with a racon ("radar beacon") coded "D".
Exercise 8. Decipher (расшифровывать) the following abbreviations of lights, using the example.
Example: Gr. Fl (2) 5 sec. 105 ft. 20 M
| A group flashing light, two flashes in a group, the period of flash is 5 seconds, the elevation is 105 feet, the distance of visibility is 20 miles. | Группопроблесковый огонь, два проблеска в группе, период 5 секунд, высота 105 футов и дальность видимости 20 миль. |
1. Gr. Occ. (4) WR 5 sec. 110ft. 10 M (U)
2. Alt. W.R. 50 ft. 10 M
3. Fl. 4 sec. 120 ft. 15 M
4. Iso R 2 sec.
5. F.R. 45 ft. 12 M.
Exercise 9. Which word is the odd one out? Why? Check the meaning of new words in your dictionary. All new words and expressions should be added to the vocabulary of this lesson.
| 1 | square | circular | concrete | pyramidal |
| 2 | pillar | base | pole | post |
| 3 | cable | fathom | mile | mast |
| 4 | hut | dwelling | foot | house |
| 5 | green | front | red | white |
| 6 | brick | stone | wood | granite |
| 7 | flash | tower | sparkle | eclipse |
| 8 | exhibited | shown | disposed | erected |
| 9 | cape | point | mole | bay |
| 10 | buoy | mark | light | stamp |
Exercise 10.Use your dictionary and match the opposites.
northern show black short horizontal westward band high eastward dark land southern fixed white rear eclipse sea low front flash alternating light vertically stripe long hide
Test
| 1. We must sail _____ the buoy. | a) up | c) around |
| b) next | d) down | |
| 2. Switch _____ the anchor lights. | a) from | c) of |
| b) at | d) on | |
| 3. Turn hard to starboard _____ the first buoy. | a) against | c) in |
| b)over | d) at | |
| 4. Keep going ____ the two lights are in line. | a) up | c) near |
| b) along | d) until | |
| 5. They have _____ on the anchor lights. | a) switch | c) be switched |
| b) switched | d) switching |
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