Great discoveries of the nineteenth century.
Medicine in Ancient Civilization.
Early man, like the animals, was subject (былподвержен) to illness and death. Life was uncomfortable, dangerous and hard. If the man had a wound (рана), his instinctive action was to suck (отсосать) or lick (лизать) this wound. He knew that bleeding (кровотечение) very often eased (уменьшало) the pain of a wound.
Instinctive medical actions soon became ceremonial rituals which became very important in the life of a primitive man. Medicine progressed slowly. The medicine-man (лекарь) practiced magic (магия) to help the man who was ill or had a wound.
As the centuries passed, man came to know anatomy from the animals he killed. The medicine-man became the central figure of thetribe (племя).
Medicine in Ancient Civilization.
Between 7000 and 4000 B.C. new civilization developed from the early tribes. Ancient Egyptians were the earliest civilized people in the world. They studied the human body. Magic still played an important part when the medicine-man treated (лечил) ill people but Egyptians also developed practical methods of treatment. Homer wrote that Egyptian doctors were the best in his time.
The early Indians in Mexico used narcotics in the treatment of diseases (болезни). In Peru and India surgery (хирургия) was very developed. Amputations were very common in these countries.
Medicine in China began about 2600 B.C. The Chinese (китайцы) used acupuncture very often. The Chinese also discovered about two thousand medicinal substances (лекарственныевещества).
Scientific Progress in Health in Greece.
During the period of 5000 B.C. the medical knowledge from Egypt spread (распространились) to Greece where it was further developed. The Greeks knew how to stop bleeding (кровотечение). Such great philosophers as Hippocrates [hi'pokratiz], Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were all connected with the development of science and medicine in Greece. The Greeks could diagnose illness. The Greeks also credited (почитали) many gods and goddesses (боговибогинь) as they could cure diseases and bring health. Apollo was the god of disease and healing (исцеления). At a later date his mythical son Asclepius with his daughter Hygeia replaced Apollo. Hygeia was the Greek goddess of health.
Thecup of Asclepius, entwined with a serpent (обвитаязмеей), is still the symbol of medicine. The cult of Asclepius was the most famous religiousmedical cult in history.
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Hippocrates symbolized the greatness (величие) of the creative and classical period of history. He is called «the father of scientific medicine». Hippocrates was the first who spoke about the natural causes (причины) of diseases. He also established fundamental principles of observation and treatment (лечение) that are used to this day.
Medicine in the Middle Ages.
Man tried to protect health during the Middle Ages. Certain important health methods were used during this period. Epidemics of diph 'theria, 'tytphold, fever, leprosy (проказа), influenza, bubonic plague and other diseases took millions of lives.
Leprosy was spread for hundreds of years. This disease was controlled not by medical means. Poor lepers (прокаженные) lived inspecial colonies, away from other people. This was a very important advance in public health during this period.
During the Middle Ages plague killed many millions of people in Europe. In 1348 the Black Death struck (поразила) Britain: nobody knew how to fight with the disease. The doctors advised people to run away from the affected (пораженные) areas. Everybody agreed that plague was god's punishment (божьякара) for the sins (грех) of man.
Artists Study the Human Body.
Even in Roman times, people were afraid of dead bodies. Dissection, that is the cutting open of bodies to learn more about the various parts and how they work, was banned by religion and the law. This delayed the study of anatomy for over a thousand years.
It is strange that the first effort to study the human body was made by Renaissance [ra'neisans] (Возрождение) artists such as Michelangelo, Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo wished to draw the body with more realism. So he carefully examined the shape of bones and muscles. He also dissected over thirty dead bodies and drew pictures of many internal organs, the veins and arteries.
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Great discoveries of the nineteenth century.
One of them was the discovery of cocaine, which was very effective as a local anesthetic. Surgeons could inject cocaine into a certain part of the body and deaden (заглушать) the pain in that part during the operation.
When the problem of pain was solved, surgeons could carry out long and complicated operations.
A very important discovery was made by the French chemist, physicist and bacteriologist Louis Pasteur. We know him as the originator of the «germ theory» of disease. He discovered fermentation and developed the process of pasteurization. Louis Pasteur produced the theory that disease and infection were caused by germs and he proved that they were spread through the air. He found that germs could be killed in the liquids (жидкостях) by heat (теплом) and the term «pasteurization» was given to this process. Milk is treated in this way today to make it safe to drink.
Rudolf Virchov became known for his work in cellular pathology, and Herman von Helmholtz for his invention of the ophthalmoscope in 1850. Lord Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgery in 1867, and Wilhelm K. Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895. He placed his hand in front of the apparatus and saw that the rays passed through the hand and cast a shadow (тень) of bones on the screen (экран). Because he did not know what the rays were he called them X-rays.
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