Answer the following qustions about yourself.
Ancient Egypt
The people of Ancient Egypt wore very few clothes. The women wore only a straight, narrow skirt that hung from below the breasts to the feet. It was suspended either from a single strap that crossed over one shoulder or from a pair of straps, one over each shoulder. The garments were made of cotton or linen and were usually white.
In ancient Egypt it was fashionable for both men and women to shave their heads. For protection against the sun, the rich wore wigs and the poor wore skullcaps. The women of ancient Egypt used a lot of cosmetics. They perfumed their wigs and rubbed their bodies with fragrant oils. They decorated their eyes with green and black kohl, and painted their lips red.
The ancient Egyptians embellished their usually plain clothing with elaborate costume jewelry. Both men and women wore jewelry such as earrings, bracelets, anklets, rings, and beaded necklaces. They incorporated into their jewelry many minerals including amethyst, garnet, jasper, onyx, turquoise, and lapis lazuli, as well as copper, gold, and shells. Because the Egyptians were very superstitious, frequently their jewelry contained good luck charms called amulets.
Crete
While the Egyptian empire was flourishing, the island of Crete was also the site of a well-developed civilization.
Women's clothing was designed to produce to give the effect of a very small waist and round, full hips. It consisted of a long, full, multitiered skirt and a small jacket. The skirt was brightly colored and patterned. The jacket covered only the back and arms.
Ancient Greece and Roman Empire
In ancient Greece both men and women wore the chiton, a draped garment that was sewn up one side and fastened at the shoulder by a buckle. The woman's garment fell to the ankles; the man's usually reached only to the knees. The chiton was made of wool, cotton, linen, or silk.
Dress was one of the many elements of Greek culture that the Romans absorbed after they conquered Greece in the 2nd century BC. The Roman woman's costume looked much like its Greek counterpart. The tunic, worn indoors, was based on the Greek chiton.
The Byzantine Era
When the Roman Empire was divided in the 4th century AD, Byzantium, later named Constantinople , became the capital of the eastern part. The dress worn by the people of Byzantium bore traces of the influence of Greece, Rome, and the Orient. Their drapery, derived from Roman dress, displayed the rich fabrics of the East heavy silks, damasks, and brocades.
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Christianity also had an effect on Byzantine dress. In keeping with the puritanical teachings of the Orthodox Church, women of Byzantium concealed their bodies entirely. They wore long, straight, sleeved tunics made of silk or linen and bound at the waist with a belt that was often heavily encrusted with jewels.
Middle Ages
During the late Middle Ages, the manner of dress made a complete break with tradition. Women's dress at this period showed even more drastic changes than ever before. Instead of all-enveloping garments that concealed the shape of the figure, women began to constrict the waist by means of stiffening in the bodice and to wear a low-cut neckline, or decolletage, that revealed the throat and part of the breasts.
Women also changed their headdress. A veil was frilled to form an arch around the face, or the hair was worn in two wide sections covered with latticework attached to a fillet on top of the head. In the 1400s many elaborate forms of headdress developed. There were horned headdresses and heart-shaped headdresses.
The Renaissance
Patterned fabrics, usually velvets and brocades, were more popular than materials of a single color from about 1480 to 1510. During this period of the Renaissance, Italian styles dominated European fashion. Women's skirts became shorter, and the long, trailing gown disappeared.
Women's clothing emphasized breadth. Skirts were voluminous and pleated or were topped with a pleated apron. The neckline was finished with a standing collar.
The 18th Century
The baroque tradition of dress reached its culmination in France during the mid-18th century. The discovery of Chinese art by the West led to a preoccupation with delicate ornamentation and decoration. Chinese motifs, such as bellflowers and canopies, appeared as decorative touches on gowns. Soft pastel colors were borrowed from Chinese paintings for use in men's and women's garments.
The dress worn by women was directed toward establishing a conelike silhouette. Women's tightly corseted torsos terminated in huge skirts that, though falling straight at the front and back, were extended at the sides so that at the hem they were up to 12 feet across. These great skirts forced the ladies of the day to pass sideways through most doorways. Men, as well as women, used cosmetics heavily during the mid-18th century. The effect was not a natural one, however, as complexions were made to resemble porcelain. The face was stark white, with lips of bright red.
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By 1774, the year Louis XVI ascended the French throne, French fashions had literally reached new heights. Women were wearing elaborate coiffures that were almost as tall as they were. The hair was pulled up over pads and cushions, and false hair was added for even greater height. Coiffures also utilized almost every kind of decoration imaginable from feathers to blown glass to model ships.
The 19th Century
At the beginning of the 19th century, the passion for ancient motifs in women's dress was on the wane. This was partly a result of the ban on the importation of Indian cotton muslin that Napoleon had imposed in an effort to revive the French silk industry. With only heavier materials available, clothing styles were forced to change. The train again vanished, and short, puffed sleeves appeared. Dresses usually worn with colorful shawls. Skirts were shorter, leaving the feet exposed.
In the middle of the century there was a revival of 18th-century French fashions, with undulating curves determining the shape of women's garments. Women took on the hourglass silhouette. The waist was restricted by a corset, while seven or eight petticoats buoyed out the skirt. The fullness at the hem was balanced by an exaggerated fullness at the breast. Later in the period, a crinoline, or hooped underskirt, replaced the petticoats.
During the last quarter of the 19th century the crinoline, which had evolved from a round to an oval shape, disappeared. It was replaced by the bustle, a pad or frame worn below the waist at the back, over which the overskirt was draped. While the bustle was in vogue, the fullness of the skirt was concentrated at the back, the front falling straight.
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The 20th Century
In the first two decades of the century a popular artistic point of view was that an object achieved beauty by fulfilling its purpose.
This idea was incorporated into the design of women's clothing at about the time of World War I. As dresses and coats fell loosely about the body, the corset practically disappeared. In the 1920s, the straight line established the shape of dresses and hemlines began to climb. By 1925, women's dresses had become short, sleeveless tubes, belted at the hips. They reached to the knee, revealing legs clad in light-colored silk stockings. Although the length of the skirts has since varied from mid-calf in 1947 to several inches above the knee during the late 1960s, it has remained relatively short since the 1920s.
Another innovation was the widespread adoption of trousers by women. The bloomers of the preceding century evolved into lounging pajamas during the 1920s and 1930s. From the 1930s, slacks were worn for many leisure activities, and pantsuits became widely acceptable for office and formal wear by 1970.
Answer the questions
Do you agree that it is important to be properly dressed? If you don’t want to feel cold or hot, awkward or clumsy, overdressed or like "a poor relative", you have to choose your clothes very carefully.
What would you wear to each of the following occasions. …
• a new disco's first night?
• an open-air rock-concert?
• a summer afternoon near the river?
• a quiet evening at home?
• an entrance examination?
• a barbecue in the country?
• a formal party (your friend’s parents’ anniversary)?
Do clothes affect the way you react to other people? What can the clothes tell about a person who wears them? complete the following statements using some of the words given in the box below.
optimistic - hard-working - self-confident – creative - shy - organised – unfriendly tidy - pessimistic - disorganised - friendly - untidy - adventurous – intelligent - conservative -fashion-conscious - boring - lazy - stupid
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1. People who never clean their shoes are ____________________
2. People who wear matching clothes are ____________________
3. People who always wear a suit and a tie are ________________
4. People who always wear dark clothes are __________________
5. People who wear bright colours are __________________
6. People who like to design their own clothes are ________________
7. People who never experiment with their clothes are ________________
8. People who wear crumpled clothes are ___________________
9. People who closely follow the fashion are _________________
10. People who prepare in the evening the clothes they will wear the next day are
Answer the following qustions about yourself.
• Does fashion influence you when you choose clothes? Is it more important for you than price, style, comfort, colour, etc.?
• What is your attitude to the fashion currently popular in your country?
• Do you wear jeans? If so, how often? If not, what sort of clothes do you like to wear?
• Are/Were you allowed to wear what you like/d to school?
• What clothes have you bought over the past year? How often have you worn your new clothes?
Do you still like them? Have you been taking good care of them? What condition are they in now?
• What image of yourself do you try to convey through your clothes?
• Do you try to wear fashionable clothes every day?
• Do you think the name on the label is more important than the clothes?
• Is your friends’ or class-mates’ opinion about your clothes important to you?
• Do you often borrow your friends’ clothes? Do you like to lend yours?
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