Old English period: the 1st inhabitants of the territory; old relicts.
British ad American Studies as a science. Its aim and field of study, neighboring sciences.
2. English as Global language. Multiculturalism. Variants, dialects and variations.
3. Old English period: the first inhabitants of the territory; old relicts.
4. The UK: geography, landscape, people population and climate. Official regions and counties.
5. The UK: Roman invasion and influence.
6. The UK: Scotland, Wales, the Northern Ireland.
7. Medieval Britain (12th- 14th c.) Formation of the nation. Norman invasion.
8. Geography of the UK. Population. Main industrial centres.
9. Places of Interest in Great Britain. Traditional holidays, sport games.
10. Official symbols of the UK.
11. Theatre and Music in Great Britain.
12. National Sports in the UK.
13. British Literature (modern writers).
14. Culture and religion in GB.
15. The UK and the USA as English speaking countries. Other English-speaking countries in the modern world. Contacts, spheres of influence.
16. Britain by the 16th century, the Renaissance in culture and sciences.
17. The great Empire: Britain in the 17th century.
18. Britain in the 18th century: British - American contacts.
19. British Literature (classical masterpieces).
20. The UK and the USA as English speaking countries. Other English-speaking countries in the modern world. Contacts, spheres of influence.
21. Modern Britain: Industrial centers and branches.
22. Religion in England, Scotland and Wales.
23. System of government in England, Scotland and Wales.
24. Geography of England, Scotland and Wales, comparative analysis.
25. Political structure of Ukraine and the UK (comparative analysis)
26. American History: protestants and puritans; the first colonies
27. American flag and other official symbols of the country.
28. The USA: establishing the nation and state system.
29. American Holidays and sport games.
30. Physical Culture and Leisure. What does "American dream" mean?
31. Population. Geography and Climate of the USA.
32. The system of education: Secondary Education in the USA.
33. The system of education. Higher Education in the US.
34. Political System of the USA.
35. American Mass Media and Communication.
36. American Economy: from the 17 century to present times.
37. American Arts (theatre, music)
38. Medicine and Health Care in the USA.
39. American Holidays and sport games.
40. American Political Parties
41. Science and Technology in the USA.
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42. American Youth: Religious views, values and organizations
43. Population in the USA. Multiculturalism. American English and its variations.
44. Movements of social protest in the USA and racism (abolitionism, feminism, Ku-Klux- Klan)
45. The UK and the USA through the Great Depression.
46. The World War II. The UK, the USA.
47. The USA: the Northerners and Southerners.
48. The USA: capital, system of the states.
49. American mentality and nation, what do they mean?
50. American South: agricultural regions and centers.
51. Royal collection and all the castles.
British and American Studies as a science. Its aim and field of study, neighboring sciences
Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the field's inception in the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies was developed in the 1950s and 1960s mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as 'capitalist' mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the "culture industry" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy. In contrast, "cultural studies was grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition" in the United States (Lindlof & Taylor, 2002,p. 60).The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom. The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded. Every year the Science Communication Conference addresses the key issues facing science communicators in the UK, bringing together some 300 delegates and 60 speakers from a wide range of backgrounds and levels of experience across the field of public engagement. The British Science Association is working in partnership with the Wellcome Trust to organise this year's Conference. As the only science communication specific conference in the UK, the two day event provides a unique opportunity for people to share ideas, build contacts and develop best practice in science communication. In addition around 30 bursary places are usually made available to science communication students, scientists, freelancers and people from charities and small businesses. In 2009, alongside sessions covering the whole range of activities within public engagement, the Conference will have a central focus - ‘Behaviour and Choice’ exploring the role that science communicators should or could play as influencers of behavioural change.
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2. English as a global language. Multiculturalism. Variants, dialects & variations.
Because English is so widely spoken, it has often been referred to as a "world language", the lingua franca of the modern era. While English is not an official language in most countries, it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language around the world. English is an official language of the United Nations and many other international organisations, including the International Olympic Committee. English is the language most often studied as a foreign language in the European Union, followed by French, German, Spanish, and Russian. Books, magazines, and newspapers written in English are available in many countries around the world. English is also the most commonly used language in the sciences. Multicultural policies were adopted by local administrations from the 1970s and 1980s onwards, in particular, by the Labour government of Tony Blair. In national policy, legislation includes Race Relations Act and the British Nationality Act of 1948. Most of the immigrants of the last decades came from the Indian subcontinent or the Caribbean, i.e. from former British colonies. The overwhelming majority of new citizens come from Africa and Asia, the largest three groups being people from Pakistan, India and Somalia. The expansion of the British Empire and—since World War II—the influence of the United States have spread English throughout the globe. Because of that global spread, English has developed a host of English dialects and English-based creole languages and pidgins. Two educated native dialects of English have wide acceptance as standards in much of the world—one based on educated southern British and the other based on educated Midwestern American. The former is sometimes called BBC (or the Queen's) English, and it may be noticeable by its preference for "Received Pronunciation"; it typifies the Cambridge model, which is the standard for the teaching of English to speakers of other languages in Europe, Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and other areas influenced either by the British Commonwealth or by a desire not to be identified with the United States. The latter dialect, General American, which is spread over most of the United States and much of Canada, is more typically the model for the American continents and areas. Aside from those two major dialects are numerous other varieties of English such as British English; Canadian English; and African American Vernacular English ("Ebonics") and Southern American English within American English. There are a number of regional dialects of Scots, and pronunciation, grammar and lexis of the traditional forms differ, sometimes substantially, from other varieties of English.
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old English period: the 1st inhabitants of the territory; old relicts.
The history of England began with the arrival of humans thousands of years ago. What is now England, within the United Kingdom, was inhabited by Neanderthals than by the first modern Homo sapiens. The region has numerous remains from the Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age, such as Stonehenge and Avebury. In the Iron Age, England, like all of Britain south of the Firth of Forth, was inhabited by the Celtic people known as the Britons, but also by some Belgae tribes (e.g. Atrebates, Catuvellauni, Trinovantes). In 43 AD the Roman conquest of Britain began; the Romans maintained control of their province of Britannia through the 5th century.
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The Roman departure opened the door for the Anglo-Saxon invasion, which is often regarded as the origin of England and the English people. The Anglo-Saxons, a collection of various Germanic peoples, established several kingdoms that became the primary powers in what is now England and parts of southern Scotland.Raids by the Vikings were frequent after about AD 800, and the Norsemen took control of large parts of what is now England. During this period several rulers attempted to unite the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, an effort that led to the emergence of the Kingdom of England by the 10th century.
4. the UK: geography, landscape, people population & climate. Official regions & counties.
The physical geography of the UK varies greatly. The Geography of England consists of lowland terrain, with mountainous terrain north-west of the Tees-Exe line including the Cumbrian Mountains of the Lake District, the Pennines and limestone hills of the Peak District, Exmoor and Dartmoor. The Geography of Scotland is distinguished by the Highland Boundary Fault – a geological rock fracture – which traverses the Scottish mainland from Helensburgh to Stonehaven. The faultline separates the two distinctively different regions of the Highlands to the north and west and the lowlands to the south and east. The Geography of Wales is mostly mountainous, though south Wales is less mountainous than north and mid Wales. The Geography of Ireland includes the Mourne Mountains as well as Lough Neagh, at 388 square kilometres (150 sq mi), the largest body of water in the UK and Ireland. England's population in mid-2008 was estimated to be 51.44 million. It is one of the most densely populated countries in the world with 383 people resident per square kilometre in mid-2003, with a particular concentration in London and the South East. The mid-2008 estimates put Scotland's population at 5.17 million, Wales at 2.99 million and Northern Ireland at 1.78 million, with much lower population densities than England. The overall geomorphology of the UK was shaped by the combined forces of tectonics and climate change, in particular glaciation. The climate of the UK varies, but is generally temperate, though significantly warmer than some other locations at similar latitude, such as central Poland, due to the warming influence of the Gulf Stream. In general, the south is warmer and drier than the north. The highest temperature recorded in the UK was 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) at Brogdale, near Faversham, in the county of Kent. The lowest was ?27.2 °C (?17 °F) recorded at Braemar in the Grampian Mountains, Scotland. List of regions: 1. East Midlands; 2. East of England; 3. Greater London; 4. North East England; 5. North West England; 6. South East England; 7. South West England; 8. West Midlands; 9. Yorkshire and the Humber. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, or UK, is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It comprises the island of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and the northeastern one-sixth of the island of Ireland (Northern Ireland), together with many smaller islands.
5. the UK: Roman invasion & influence.
The Roman conquest of Britain was a fairly gradual process, beginning effectively in AD 43 under Emperor Claudius, whose general Aulus Plautius served as first governor of Britannia. However, Great Britain had already frequently been the target of invasions, planned and actual, by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. In common with other regions on the edge of the empire, Britain had enjoyed diplomatic and trading links with the Romans in the century since Julius Caesar's expeditions in 55 and 54 BC, and Roman economic and cultural influence was a significant part of the British late pre-Roman Iron Age, especially in the south. Between 55 BC and the 40s AD, the status quo of tribute, hostages, and client states without direct military occupation, begun by Caesar's invasions of Britain, largely remained intact. Augustus prepared invasions in 34 BC, 27 BC and 25 BC. The first and third were called off due to revolts elsewhere in the empire, the second because the Britons seemed ready to come to terms. According to Augustus's Res Gestae, two British kings, Dumnovellaunus and Tincomarus, fled to Rome as suppliants during his reign, and Strabo's Geography, written during this period, says that Britain paid more in customs and duties than could be raised by taxation if the island were conquered. By the 40s AD, however, the political situation within Britain was apparently in foment. The Catuvellauni had displaced the Trinovantes as the most powerful kingdom in south-eastern Britain, taking over the former Trinovantian capital of Camulodunum (Colchester), and were pressing their neighbours the Atrebates, ruled by the descendants of Julius Caesar's former ally Commius. Caligula planned a campaign against the British in 40, but its execution was bizarre: according to Suetonius, he drew up his troops in battle formation facing the English Channel and ordered them to attack the standing water. Afterwards, he had the troops gather sea shells, referring to them as "plunder from the ocean, due to the Capitol and the Palace". Modern historians are unsure if that was meant to be an ironic punishment for the soldiers' mutiny or due to Caligula's derangement. Certainly this invasion attempt readied the troops and facilities that would make Claudius' invasion possible 3 years later (e.g. a lighthouse was built by Caligula at Boulogne-sur-Mer, the model for the one built soon after 43 at ancient Dover).
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