Study the sentences below and translate them into Russian. Name the parts of speech each word in the sentences belong to. Give arguments.
Seminar 3
GRAMMATICAL CLASSES OF WORDS
Sources:
1. Блох, М.Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка / М.Я. Блох. - М.: Высшая школа, 2003. – С. 42-54.
2. Блох, М.Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка / М.Я. Блох, Т.Н. Семенова, С.В. Тимофеева. – М.: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 79-108.
3. Иванова, И.П. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка / И.П. Иванова, В.В. Бурлакова, Г.Г. Почепцов. - М.: Высшая школа, 1981. – С. 14-20.
Additional:
4. Кубрякова, Е.С. Язык и знание: На пути получения знаний о языке: Части речи с когнитивной точки зрения / Е.С. Кубрякова. – М.: Языки славянской культуры, 2004. – 560 с.
5. Левицкий, Ю.А. Основы теории синтаксиса: учебное пособие / Ю.А. Левицкий. - 3-е изд., испр. и доп. – М.: КомКнига, 2005. – С. 93-96.
6. Хлебникова, И.Б. Основы английской морфологии: учебное пособие / И.Б. Хлебникова. – 3-е изд., испр. - М.: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 20-30.
TASKS
Get ready to answer the questions below.
1. Why is the term "part of speech" a non-explanatory one? What is a part of speech? What are grammatically relevant properties to differentiate parts of speech?
2. What kind of classifications are called monodifferential / polydifferential?
3. What property(ties) was(were) used for parts of speech classification by prescriptive grammarians?
4. What property(ties) was(were) used for parts of speech classification by H.Sweet?
5. What property(ties) was(were) used for parts of speech classification by Ch.Fries?
6. What property(ties) was(were) used for parts of speech classification by the representatives of complex approach? What are the shortcomings of this approach?
7. What differs Blokh’s classification from the complex approach?
Find Russian equivalents for the following terms; give definitions.
part of speech, semantic properties, formal properties, functional properties, homogeneous (monodifferential) classification, heterogeneous (polydifferential) classification, notional parts of speech, functional parts of speech, substitutional parts of speech, openness/closedness of word classes
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3 Compare different terms which are sometimes used to name English notional words “content words, lexical words, major parts of speech” and functional words “empty words, grammatical words, structural words, minor parts of speech”. Say which characteristics of the two main types of words are reflected in them.
4 Danish linguist V. Brøndal singled out four main logico-semantic categories – substance, quantity, quality and relation. In accord with them he subdivided words into 15 classes. What kind of classification is that?
А) Name the main traditional notional and functional parts of speech and give examples of each class.
B) Split the words below into notional, functional and substitutional.
abroad, nowadays, oh, hush, then, in, perhaps, hurrah, behind, or, just, alone, during, foot, worry, every, myself, regular, and, yet
c) What part of speech do these words belong to (use a dictionary to suggest all possible variants)? Prove your words using them in the suitable context.
after, since, besides, just, exactly, well, too
6 The opening stanza of Lewis Carroll’s poem Jabberwocky(from Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, 1872) contains words which do not exist in the English language. Read it and its French, German and Russian translations. Can you identify the parts of speech to which these words are supposed to belong? Which grammatical markers allow you to do it?
| JABBERWOCKY `Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe: All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe. | Le Jaserroc Il brilgue. Les toves lubricieux Se gyrent en vrilliant dans le gabe; Enmimes sont les gougebosqueux Et les mome rathes horsgrabe. |
| I. Der Jammerwoch Es brillig war. Die schlichte Toven Wirrten und wimmelten in Waben; Und aller-mümsige Burggoven Die mohmen Räth' ausgraben. | Пендрагон Варкалось. Хливкие шорьки Пырялись по наве И хрюкатали зелюки, Как мюмзики в мове |
Say to what parts of speech the words in bold may be assigned. Give arguments.
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1. Tom's army won a great victory, after a long and hard-fought battle. (Twain) 2. Ten years after is famous experiment was performed. (Wilson) 3. They came back to camp wonderfully refreshed, glad-hearted, and ravenous… (Twain) 4. But there was no whispering in the house… (Twain) 5. It's just too good to believe, but we have got it, sure! (Twain) 6. This was simply astounding. (Twain) 7. "Well, you said you'd do it—why don't you do it?" (Twain) 8. She turned another page over. 9. Harold jumped out of the car just before it went over the cliff. 10. So Tom pried his mouth open and poured down the Pain-killer. (Twain) 11. Now you've asked for it, and I'll give it to you, because there ain't anything mean about me; but if you find you don't like it, you mustn't blame anybody but your own self. (Twain) 12. Why, I never see anything like it. (Twain) 13. Do we still think like we used to? 14. We’re down in London next weekend. 15.She walked down the street without looking back. 16. . Over these past couple of weeks we’ve been looking at some of the questions… 17. When we arrived at my friend’s house, a young man hurried past us… 18. You take the blue case and I’ll take the black one. 19. One day you’ll see I was right.
Study the sentences below and translate them into Russian. Name the parts of speech each word in the sentences belong to. Give arguments.
1. If police police police police, who police police police? Police police police police police. 2. Will Will will Will Will’s will?
3. James, while John had had “had,” had had “had had”; “had had” had had a better effect on the teacher.
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