Prosper, prosperity, prosperous, prosperously

a) That victory meant a stipulate of free economic zone hi the country.

b) The only stipulation is that the candidates must be over 30.

Smuggle, smuggler, smuggling

a) The man was arrested when he tried__ to smuggle a knife into the House

of Commons.

b)The drug smuggling illegally 75 tons of cocaine into the USA inthe 1980s.

c) Smuggler usually flourished in the countries where the free trade was

hampered.

Task 8. Here are the most important events of the 18^th century in Britain. Rank them in importance and explain your choice.

1. Union with Scotland. The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament: the Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the Parliament of England, and the Union with England Act passed in 1707 by the Parliament of Scotland. They put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union that had been agreed on 22 July 1706, following negotiation between commissioners representing the parliaments of the two countries. By the two Acts, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland—which at the time were separate states with separate legislatures, but with the same monarch—were, in the words of the Treaty, "United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain".

2. Loss of American colonies. The loss of such a large portion of British America, at the time Britain's most populous overseas possession, is seen by some historians as the event defining the transition between the "first" and "second" empires, in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific and later Africa. Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, had argued that colonies were redundant, and that free trade should replace the old mercantilist policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion, dating back to the protectionism of Spain and Portugal. The growth of trade between the newly independent United States and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm Smith's view that political control was not necessary for economic success.

3. The Industrial Revolution. Based on new technology factory production, promote the rapid development of the British economy. During the industrial revolution of England was the "workshop of the world" because of its industrial potential in the second half of the XIX century was the most powerful in the world.Theindustrialrevolutionledtofundamentalchangesinthesocio-economicrelations. Changedthestructureofemployment: by themiddleof XIX centuryalmosthalfoftheable-bodiedpopulationofthecountryhasbeenbusyintheindustry. Theprincipalfigureamongthebourgeoisie, insteadof a merchant, whohasheldthispositionforseveralcenturies, became a businessman-industrialist. TheindustrialboominEnglandwasaccompanied by therapiddevelopmentoftransport, particularlyrail. Theentirecountrywascovered by a denserailwaynetwork. During 1840-1870 yearsoftheirlengthincreasedfrom 1.4 thousand. Kmto 25 thousand. km, or 18 times. Particularattentionwaspaidinthe UK shipbuildingandshipping. Itisnotthefirsttimethewoodensailingshipsbegantobeproducedinthedevelopedcountriesoftheworld, andall-metalsteamships. Thetotaltonnageofthemerchantfleetfrom 1800 to 1870 increasedfrom 2 milliontonnesto 5.7 milliontonnes, accountingforalmost 60% oftheworldlevel. ThisallowedBritaintobecome a "worldcarrier", andthusearn a lotofmoney.

4. Union with Ireland. In 1707, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland were united into a single kingdom: the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Irish parliament at that time was subject to a number of restrictions that placed it subservient to the Parliament of England (and following the union of England and Scotland, the Parliament of Great Britain).In the century that followed the union of England and Scotland, Ireland gained effective legislative independence from Great Britain through the Constitution of 1782. However, access to institutional power in Ireland was restricted to a small minority, the so-called Anglo-Irish of the Protestant Ascendancy, and frustration at the lack of reform eventually led to a rebellion in 1798, involving a French invasion of Ireland and seeking complete independence from Great Britain. The rebellion was crushed with much bloodshed, and the subsequent drive for union between Great Britain and Ireland that passed in 1800 was motivated at least in part by the belief that the rebellion was caused as much by loyalist brutality as by the United Irishmen.

5. Formation of the Cabinet Government System. A cabinet is a bodyofhigh-ranking state officials, typicallyconsistingofthetopleadersofthe executivebranch. Theyareusuallycalled ministers, butinsomejurisdictionsaresometimescalled secretaries.

Thefunctionsof a cabinetarevaried: insomecountriesitis a collegialdecision-makingbodywith collectiveresponsibility, whileinothersitmayfunctioneitheras a purelyadvisorybodyoranassistinginstitutionto a decisionmaking headofstate or headofgovernment. Insomecountries, thecabinetiscalled "CouncilofMinisters" or "GovernmentCouncil" orlesserknownnamessuchas "FederalCouncil" (inSwitzerland), "InnerCouncil" or "HighCouncil". Thesecountriesmaydifferinthewaythatthecabinetisusedorestablished.

Task 9. Historical consequences. Match two statements from columns A and B into a compound sentence with the conjunction "so".

A, 3– C.

Task 10. Speak about the development of British Empire using the scheme of the capitalist and colonial system development.

Task 11. Try to explain. During the first periods of the Colonial system development England was referred to by colonists as "home country ". During the last stage of British colonial development it was called "mother country". Why?

The European colonial period was the era from the 16th century to the mid-20th century when several European powers established colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. At first the countries followed a policy of mercantilism, designed to strengthen the home economy at the expense of rivals, so the colonies were usually allowed to trade only with the mother country. By the mid-19th century, however, the powerful British Empire gave up mercantilism and trade restrictions and introduced the principle of free trade, with few restrictions or tariffs.

 During the centuries of pre-colonial trade, some control over social political and economic life was retained in Africa, in spite of the disadvantageous commerce with Europeans. That little control over internal matters disappeared under colonialism. Colonialism went much further than trade. It meant a tendency towards direct appropriation by Europeans of the social institutions within Africa. Africans ceased to set indigenous cultural goals and standards, and lost full command of training young members of the society. Those were undoubtedly major steps backwards ... Colonialism was not merely a system of exploitation, but one whose essential purpose was to repatriate the profits to the so-called 'mother country'. From an African view-point, that amounted to consistent expatriation of surplus produced by African labour out of African resources. It meant the development of Europe as part of the same dialectical process in which Africa was underdeveloped."

Task 12.Finish the sentences.

1. Napoleon made an astonishing career upon graduating in September 1785, Bonaparte was commissioned a second lieutenant in La Fère artillery regiment. He served in Valence and Auxonne until after the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789, and took nearly two years' leave in Corsica and Paris during this period. At this time, he was a fervent Corsican nationalist, and wrote to Corsican leader Pasquale Paoli in May 1789, "As the nation was perishing I was born. Thirty thousand Frenchmen were vomited on to our shores, drowning the throne of liberty in waves of blood. Such was the odious sight which was the first to strike me."

2. Napoleon's army was defeated because at the Battle of Waterloo was the decisive engagement of the Waterloo Campaign and Napoleon's last. According to Wellington, the battle was "the nearest-run thing you ever saw in your life".^[10] Napoleon abdicated 4 days later, and on 7 July coalition forces entered Paris. The defeat at Waterloo ended Napoleon's rule as Emperor of the French, and marked the end of his Hundred Days return from exile.The battle also ended the First French Empire, and set a chronological milestone between serial European wars and decades of relative peace.

3. After the Napoleonic wars Britainwas irritated by several French actions following the Treaty of Amiens. Bonaparte had annexed Piedmont and Elba, made himself President of the Italian Republic, a state in northern Italy that France had set up, and failed to evacuate Holland. France continued to interfere with British trade despite peace having been made and complained about Britain harbouring certain individuals and not cracking down on the anti-French press. In fighting, Napoleon focused on penetration, gaining a central position, and surrounding small groups of enemy forces To Napoleon, penetration meant "You engage, and then you wait and see." Central Positioning aimed to divide enemy forces into weaker smaller groups.

4. The Reform Bill was one of the most important events in British history because it was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales. According to its preamble, the Act was designed to "take effectual Measures for correcting divers Abuses that have long prevailed in the Choice of Members to serve in the Commons House of Parliament". Before the reform, most members nominally represented boroughs. The number of electors in a borough varied widely, from a dozen or so up to 12,000. Frequently the selection of MPs was effectively controlled by one powerful patron: for example Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk controlled eleven boroughs. Criteria for qualification for the franchise varied greatly among boroughs, from the requirement to own land, to merely living in a house with a hearth sufficient to boil a pot.

5. The People's Charter called for such rights as they would be able to vote, and their vote would be protected by a secret ballot; and they would be able to stand for election to the House of Commons as a result of the removal of property qualifications and the introduction of payment for MPs. None of these demands were new, but the People's Charter was to become one of the most famous political manifestos of 19th century Britain.One of the Chartists’ constant demandswas for education, that children might improve their lot and be able to take part in the affairs of the world. They demanded the extension of the suffrage and the right to organise in trade unions. They demanded a safer working environment and a healthier one.

6. Chartism was defeated on this day, there were serious threats of revolution throughout the summer of 1848, and as in previous Chartist surges order was restored only by mass arrests and the incarceration of national and local leaders.

7. The Victorian Age was marked by a long period of peace, prosperity, "refined sensibilities" and national self-confidence for Britain. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities and political concerns to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.Within the fields of social history and literature, Victorianism refers to the study of late-Victorian attitudes and culture with a focus on the highly moralistic, straitlaced language and behaviour of Victorian morality. The era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first portion of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe.

8. The reforms, which changed the life of people during the Victorian Age were a great engineering feat in the Victorian Era was the sewage system in London. It was designed by Joseph Bazalgette in 1858. He proposed to build 82 mi (132 km) of sewer system linked with over 1,000 mi (1,600 km) of street sewers. Many problems were encountered but the sewers were completed. After this, Bazalgette designed the Thames Embankment which housed sewers, water pipes and the London Underground. During the same period London's water supply network was expanded and improved, and a gas network for lighting and heating was introduced in the 1880s.

10. British industrial might in the second half of the 19^th century was displayed at therapiddevelopmentoftransport, particularlyrail. Theentirecountrywascovered by a denserailwaynetwork. During 1840-1870 yearsoftheirlengthincreasedfrom 1.4 thousand. Kmto 25 thousand. km, or 18 times. Particularattentionwaspaidinthe UK shipbuildingandshipping. Itisnotthefirsttimethewoodensailingshipsbegantobeproducedinthedevelopedcountriesoftheworld, andall-metalsteamships. Thetotaltonnageofthemerchantfleetfrom 1800 to 1870 increasedfrom 2 milliontonnesto 5.7 milliontonnes, accountingforalmost 60% oftheworldlevel. ThisallowedBritaintobecome a "worldcarrier", andthusearn a lotofmoney.

Task 13.Vocabulary development. State the meaning of the derivatives and complete the sentences.

Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!