Distribution of separate features in the message.
59. The degree of detailization of description. Description of the situation can be effected with more or less detail. It may include direct indication to various number of details, characterizing this situation. As the result, synonymic expressions will differ in the degree of explicitness. Some features in some messages will be named, a in other ones they will remain implied, easily derived from the message, but not included in the description. Such features may be treated as superfluous (surplus, excessive).
| (32) Он постучал и вошел. | Он постучал и вошел в комнату. |
| (33) Я не могу его сдвинуть. | Я не могу его сдвинуть с места. |
| (34) Она сидела, откинувшись в кресле. | Она сидела, откинувшись на спинку кресла. |
60. In the cited examples the choice of the degree of explicitness depended on the Source. However, sometimes the ratio of the explicit and the implicit depends on the functioning of the given language system. As an illustration we can show greater explicitness of English in comparison with Russian. Here are some examples from J.Galsworthy’s “End of the Chapter” as transalted by Ю.Корнеев and П.Мелкова.:
| (35) I saw there was a question asked. | Я видел в газетах, что был запрос. |
| (36) They lay watching. | Они лежали и следили за Ферзом. |
| (37) Will you соmе here, mу - Miss?" Jean went. | "Прошу вас, пройдите сюда, ми... мисс". Джин вошла вслед за ней. |
| (38) Where Jean had been locked in Dinny waited some time. | Динни немного подождала в той комнате, где была заперта Джин. |
| (39) People went into rooms as if they meant to stay there. | Каждый устраивался у себя в комнате так, словно собираясь обосноваться в ней навсегда. |
Greater degree of explicitness of the English original is comparatively seldom met with. As a rule, omission in the T of some detail is not obligatory and may be explained by the wish of the T to be more laconic:
| (40) He opened a desk drawer, took out cigarettes and offered them to Christine. | … и достав из стола сигареты, предложил Кристине. |
The translators Т.Галенпольский and В.Паперно considered it possible not to translate the part of the original, expressing an obvious idea – to take something from a drawer one has to open it).
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61. The way of uniting the described features in an utterance. The notions generalizing the selected features of the situation are combined in the utterance on definite rules of its construction. Alongside the phenomena that are general for all languages, each language imposes its own restrictions on the possibilities of combining separate features within an utterance.
Differences in regularities of utterance construction often makes the structure of the utterance in one language “illogical” from the point of view of another language native speakers, provoking the necessity of semantic paraphrase in translation. Thus in the English sentence:
| (41) Не was thin and tentative as he slid his birth certificate from Puerto Rico across the desk. | *Он был худым и неуверенным, когда протягивал… |
the combination of a constant (thin) and a temporary (tentative) features by a coordinating conjunction and is unusual for the Russian language, especially in connection with a subordinate clause of time.
English proverbs like:
| (42) It is a good horse that never stumbles. | *Лошадь, которая не спотыкается, настолько хороша, что таких лошадей не бывает. Конь о четырех ногах, да спотыкается. |
| (43) It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. | *Ветер, который никому не надувает добра, настолько плох, что такого ветра не бывает. Нет худа без добра. |
can be rendered into Russian very pretentious (ornate) (see * variants) from the point of view of the Russian Receptor. They express ideas analogous to those of the Russian variants suggested above.
“Illogical” in the same sense may seem also the uniting separate parts of the message. In the English language the conjunction “and” unites heterogeneous ideas, which is not aloowed in the Russian language:
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(44) Не went into cables and died (G.Greene).
(45) The fact that the Court was full confirmed their reflections and they passed into a little room to wait (J.Galsworthy).
In the example which follows it is not possible to unite two informative segments of practically the same contents with the help of the conjunction of time:
(46) Last month another top fugitive was captured when Panther leader Laurence Robert Plamondon, 25, was discovered, in Michigan's Upper Peninsula.
62. Direction of relations between the features. When describing the situation from different viewpoints synonymic messages may be connected by relations of conversiveness:
| (47) Профессор принимает экзамен у студентов. | Студенты сдают экзамен профессору. |
An extreme point of such differences is the relation of contradiction, when the synonymous relation of two messages is based on the affirmation of a feature in one of them and the rejection of this feature in another one:
(48) Он всегда об этом помнит – Он никогда об этом не забывает.
(49) Мы все время сидим дома – Мы никуда не выходим.
(50) Эта задача трудная – Эта задача нелегкая.
Analogous relations are observed also between originals and translations of the third type of equivalence. Coversive paraphrase often does not have an obligatory character, it is chosen by the translator for stylistic considerations:
| (51) He drove on. They had their backs to the sunlight now. | Он повел машину дальше. Теперь солнце светило им в спину. |
| (51) Do I look all right? | У меня приличный вид? |
| (52) Will you mаггу me, Lady Aline? | Хотите ли вы, чтобы я стал вашим мужем, леди Элин? |
Very often such relations are met with in translation of messages, where inanimate things function as subjects of verbs, whose meaning is usually applied to animate things or persons:
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(53) The lounge had been redecorated, since his last visit, and had acquired several facilities.
Such method of describing the situation is more often used in English than in Russian. As the result the message shows a different direction:
| (54) Last year witnessed a sharp increase of production in this country. | В прошлом году в нашей стране отмечался резкий рост производства. |
As it takes place in one language equivalent messages may contain reverse features:
| (55) The American Railroad Union excluded Negroes from its membership. | ... профсоюз железнодорожников ... не принималв свои ряды негров. |
| (56) The mentality and methods of these "world-conquerors" needlittle comment. | Умонастроение и методы этих "завоевателей мира" не требуют пространных комментариев. |
| (57) "You'll make yourself ill," said Betsey, "and you know that willnot be good either for you or for my god-daughter."(Ch.Dickens) | Вы доведете себя до болезни, - заметила Бетси, - и это может плохо кончиться и для вас и для моей крестницы. (Пер. А.Кривцовой и Е.Ланна) |
63. Distribution of separate features in the message. Equivalent messages belonging to the same method of describing the situation may differ in distribution of features in parts of the message. The possibility of uniting and the succession of description of features is sometimes different in different languages. In such cases the order of succession of features in the translation may differ from that of the original:
| (58) Remarkable constitution, too, and lets you see it: great yachtsman. (J.Galsworthy) | … Он отличный яхтсмен, великолепно сложен и умеет это показать. (Пер. Ю.Корнеева и П. Мелковой) |
It is important to note the possibility of redistribution of features between neighbouring messages. The description of many separate features has a non-local potential. In a connected text a number of utterances describe, as a rule, situations which together make larger pieces of reality. That’s why besides the choice of features to be mentioned in the message the Source often has an opportunity to choose an utterance in the text, where this or other feature will be indicated. Though the connection between separate features is preserved, it is possible to replace some features from one utterance into another in the description of a more complicated situation:
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| (59) I haven't had a joint with you, old man, since we went up to Carmarthen Van in that fog before the war. Remember?(J.Gaslworthy) | Помнишь, как мы взбирались в тумане на Кармартен Вэн сразу после войны? Это была наша последняя прогулка с тобой, старина. (Пер. Ю.Корнеева и П. Мелковой) |
As seen from the examples, semantic paraphrase often has a complex character, simultaneously changing the way of uniting features, the starting point of description, the order of succession and distribution of features and so on.
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