Part of a compound modal or aspect predicate
I can’t help feeling depressed sometimes.
She never stopped complaining about having to walk so far.
Direct Object
I enjoy travelling.
Do you mind waiting a moment?
Imagine never having been abroad.
The gerund is used after certain verbs, such as:
admit detest justify resist resent
advise dislike mention risk
allow endure mind save
anticipate enjoy miss suggest
appreciate escape permit tolerate
avoid excuse practise deny
confess face put off imagine
delay forget recommend involve
The Gerund as a direct object is also used after the adjective worth.
The book is evidently worth reading.
Prepositional object
In this function the gerund is used after such verbs as:
admit to depend on
(dis)agree with insist on
aim at object to
apologize for pay for
(dis)approve of put up with
believe in rely on
benefit from resort to
care for succeed in
confess to think of
count on vote for
worry about
Jake is thinking of selling his motor-bike.
We believe in giving people the freedom to choose.
The gerund can also follow a verb+object+preposition.
The article accuses the government of concealing important information.
We find the gerund after such verbs as:
accuse of deter from prevent from stop from
blame for discourage from punish for thank for
charge with excuse for/from remind of use for
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congratulate on forgive for tell about warn about
The gerund is used as a prepositional object after certain adjectives, such as:
afraid of capable of grateful for sorry for
amazed at content with guilty of surprised at
angry about/at dependent on happy about/with used to
annoyed about/at different from/to interested in worried about
anxious about excited about/at keen on wrong with
ashamed of famous for nervous of satisfied with
aware of fed up with pleased about/with
bad at fond of ready for
bored with good at responsible for
I’m nervous of saying the wrong thing.
My husband isn’t very good at cooking.
She’s keen on riding.
Part of a Complex Object
The Gerund can be part of a complex object when used as the verbal element of a predicative construction (see 10).
How can they justify lives being put at risk?
I hate people asking me personal questions.
Attribute
In this function the Gerund is always preceded by a preposition.
I noticed Jeff’s success in getting the price down.
There’s a small advantage in moving first.
How would you like the idea of living in a caravan?
Some other nouns can also take a preposition+gerund:
aim of/in excitement about/at possibility of
amazement at fear of problem of/in
anger about/at gratitude for prospect of
anxiety about idea of reason for
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apology for job of surprise at
belief in objection to task of
danger of/in pleasure of/ in work of
effect of point of/ in worry about
Adverbial modifier
a) adverbial modifier of time
In this function, the gerund is used with the prepositions after, before, on/upon, in, at.
Please, switch off the lights before leaving.
The new drug was put on the market after being approved by the government.
b) adverbial modifier of manner with the prepositions by, in.
She succeeded in business by being completely single-minded.
c) adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances with the preposition without.
I ran all the way home without stopping.
The man left the building without being seen.
d) adverbial modifier of purpose with the preposition for.
These pages may be used for making notes on.
e) adverbial modifier of condition with the preposition without.
He has no right to come without being invited.
The boys could not leave the house without asking for permission.
f) adverbial modifier of cause with the prepositions for, for fear of, owing to.
I feel ever so much better for having taken a holiday.
g) adverbial modifier of concession with the prepositions in spite of, despite.
I still feel tired in spite of having slept eight hours.
FUNCTIONS OF THE GERUND
SUBJECT
| P I | doing smth | + does smth is smth | |||
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| P II | There is no was | + doing smth | |||
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| P III | It is + no use was useless no good fun a surprise a pleasure unexpected | + doing smth
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| PREDICATIVE | |||||
| P IV | The main thing is Smb’s wish was duty job hobby | + doing smth
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| P V | to feel like/up to to be for/against | + doing smth | |||
| PART OF A COMPOUND VERBAL PREDICATE | |||||
| P VI | to begin/start go on/keep/continue stop/give up | + doing smth | |||
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| P VII | to intend can’t help | + doing smth | |||
| DIRECT OBJECT | |||||
| P VIII | need/want avoid put off remember deny suggest mention imagine attempt | + doing smth | |||
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| P IX | to be worth | + doing smth | |||
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| P X | to mind to hate to love to like to enjoy | + doing smth | |||
| PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT | |||||
| P XI | to think OF suggest smb suspect smb OF accuse smb OF apologize FOR thank smb FOR object TO blame smb FOR succeed IN insist ON depend ON prevent smb FROM | + doing smth | |||
| P XII | to be afraid OF fond OF ashamed OF tired OF keen ON clever AT annoyed AT disappointed AT used TO | + doing smth | |||
| ATTRIBUTE | |||||
| P XIII | intention OF plan idea point/sense purpose habit/way opportunity mistake … | + doing smth | |||
| P XIV | There is no/little + sense IN harm She sees no point danger | + doing smth | |||
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ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF TIME | |||||
| P XV | IN, AT, AFTER, ON, BEFORE | + doing smth | |||
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ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF MANNER | |||||
| P XVI | BY, IN, THROUGH | + doing smth | |||
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ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF ATT.CIRCUMS. | |||||
| P XVII | WITHOUT | + doing smth | |||
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ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF CONCESSION | |||||
| P XVIII | IN SPITE OF | + doing smth | |||
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ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF PURPOSE | |||||
| P XIX | FOR | + doing smth | |||
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ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF CAUSE | |||||
| P XX | FOR FEAR OF | + doing smth | |||
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