American Universities and Colleges
Higher education in the United States includes educational programmes which usually require for admission 12 years of elementary and secondary schooling. It is carried on under a number of forms.
The most common type of higher education is the college. It requires for admission graduation from a standard secondary school; its four-year curriculum leads to the bachelor's degree in arts and sciences.
The American college is known by various titles such as the college of liberal arts, the college of arts and sciences, the college of literature, science and arts. The college may be the central unit around which the university is organized, or it may be a separate corporate entity, independent from the University.
The university in the United States is an educational institution comprising a college of liberal arts and sciences, a professional school leading to a professional degree and a graduate college (school). A graduate college provides programmes for study and research beyond the levels of the bachelor's and first professional degree.
The word «university», however, is also used in a broader sense, for almost any type of educational institution offering instruction beyond the level of the secondary school.
Thus in the United States there is some confusion in the use of the terms «college» and «university». Some institutions that are in fact colleges of liberal arts have been incorporated in the universities. Some institutions incorporated in colleges are in fact universities with graduate and professional schools.
In addition to colleges and universities there is a large number of professional schools, separate from universities. They provide preparation in one or more professional fields, such as law, music or theology. Junior colleges or professional schools do not offer the full four-year curriculum leading to a degree.
An institute of technology is a degree-granting institution that specializes in science and technology; some of them have graduate study. An institution offering programs of technological study only at the junior college level is known as a technical institution.
The colleges in the United States differ greatly in size - they may include from 100 to 5,000 students and more. Most of the larger institutions fall into the category of universities, the largest being University of California, State University of New York, New York University, Columbia University and others.
Topical Vocabulary
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higher education – высшее образование
an educational program - образовательная программа
to require for admission - требовать при поступлении
elementary and secondary schooling - начальное и среднее образование
to be carried on - осуществляться
a college - колледж
graduation from a standard secondary school - окончание средней школы
a curriculum - программа
to lead to smth. – приводить к чему-либо
the bachelor's degree in arts and sciences – степень бакалавра гуманитарных и технических наук
to be the central unit – быть центральным звеном
a separate corporate entity – отдельная составная единица
an educational institution - образовательное учреждение
to comprise smth. – включать что-либо (в состав)
a college of liberal arts and sciences – колледж свободных искусств и наук
a professional school – профессиональный колледж
a professional degree – профессиональная степень
a graduate college (school) - аспирантура
to provide a program for study and research – предоставлять программу обучения и исследования
beyond the level of smth. – выше уровня чего-либо
to offer instruction – давать образование
to be incorporated in a university – быть включенным в университет
to be separate from a university – быть независимым от университета
to provide preparation in a professional field - давать подготовку в профессиональной области
a junior college – первая ступень колледжа
an institute of technology - технический институт
a degree-granting institution – учебное заведение, присваивающее степень
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a technical institution – технический колледж
to include smth. – включать что-либо (в состав)
to fall into the category of – попадать в определенную категорию
Answer the questions:
1. What do higher education institutions in the USA require for admission?
2. What degree does a college lead to?
3. What sense is the word «college» used in?
4. What kind of educational institution is the University?
5. What sense is the word «university» used in?
6. What kind of preparation do professional schools provide?
7. What is an institute of technology?
8. What is the size of colleges and universities in America?
Translate into English:
1. Для поступления в университет или колледж в Америке необходимо закончить среднюю школу.
2. В США существует несколько типов вузов: колледж, университет, профессиональный колледж и др.
3. Университет обычно состоит из колледжа гуманитарных и естественных наук, профессионального отделения и аспирантуры.
4. После 4 лет в университете студент получает степень бакалавра гуманитарных или естественных наук.
5. Аспирантура предлагает программы выше уровня степени бакалавра и первой профессиональной степени,
6. Университет может иметь колледж в своем составе; колледж может входить в университет или быть самостоятельной единицей.
7. Профессиональный колледж - это учебное заведение, существующее отдельно от университета.
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8. Колледжи и университеты предлагают программы, после прохождения которых присваивается степень бакалавра.
9. Технические институты также присваивают степени и часто предлагают курс аспирантуры.
The university I study at
I am a first (second) year student of the Ufa Oil University. It is one of the major centrеs for training engineers. The University was founded in 1948. As many as 10,000 students study here. The students body and the teaching staff are increasing from year to year. A great number of teachers are Doctors and Masters of Science. The University provides full-time and part-time tuition (education). Part-time tuition is provided by the evening and extramural departments. Part-time tuition runs for six years. Full-time students are awarded scholarships (get stipends). There are five departments (faculties), each headed by the dean: the Faculty of Automation, the Mechanical Faculty, the Faculty of Economics, the Nature Protection Faculty and the Technological Faculty.
The academic year is divided into 2 terms. At the end of each term the students take their examinations and tests. The students have at their disposal modern laboratories, well-equipped workshops, a large well-stocked library and a reading hall. Readers can borrow books on special subjects, Russian and foreign publications and fiction. There is a large hostel for the students who are not permanent residents. The University is in close connection with oil fields and other industrial enterprises of our country. After graduating from the University the students work at research institutes, pipe-lines, construction sites, oil refineries and other places.
Topical Vocabulary
a first-year student – первокурсник
a second -year student – второкурсник
training – подготовка
the teaching staff – преподавательский штат
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to provide – обеспечить
tuition – обучение
extramural department – заочное отделение
part-time tuition – неполная форма обучения
to be awarded scholarship – получать стипендию
term – семестр
to have at their disposal – иметь в своем распоряжении
well-equipped workshops – хорошо оборудованные мастерские
to borrow – брать взаймы, одолжить
fiction – художественная литература
permanent residents – постоянные жители
to be in close connection – быть в тесной связи
oil field – нефтяное месторождение
enterprise – предприятие
research institute – научно-исследовательский институт
pipe-line – трубопровод
соnstruction site – строительная площадка
oil refinery – нефтеперерабатываюәий завод
Answer the questions:
- Where do you study?
- What specialties does the university train?
- How many departments are there at the university?
- What do students have at the end of each term?
- What do students have at their disposal?
- Where can students work after graduating from the university?
Translate into English:
- Университет был основан в 1948 году.
- Число студентов и состав преподавателей увеличивается из года в год.
- Неполная форма обучения длится 6 лет.
- В конце каждого семестра студенты сдают зачеты и экзамены.
- Для иногородних студентов имеется общежитие.
- После окончания университета студенты работают в научно-исследовательских институтах, на трубопроводе, на строительных площадках, на нефтеперерабатывающих заводах и в других местах.
My Specialty
- Automation of Technological Processes and Productions
My specialty is "Automation of Technological Processes and Productions". It is one of the most progressive specialties in our time. Our University trains highly-skilled specialists in this field. It trains specialists with a wide theoretical and practical outlook.
"Automation" is a word coined in the 1940s to describe processes by which machines do tasks previously performed by people.
Industrial production of some goods is needing in high-accurate processes of manufacturing, assembling etc. The hands of most experienced jeweller can't do this work. And here we are to use machines, which with their manipulators can create wonders. And when do we remember about industries with hazards for life of a man, for instance chemical or atomic? If we want to have in the future a healthy humanity on our planet, we must use machines. Moreover, due to machines we can increase the quality by the reduction of price. The automation of the industry is vital in our time.
The higher school has a specific task to train engineers of a new type who would combine fundamental knowledge with a high professional level and practical training in the specific field of the national economics.
Topical Vocabulary
production – производство
highly-skilled – высококвалифицированный
outlook – кругозор
to coin – придумывать
previously – ранее, предварительно
to perform – выполнять
high-accurate – высокоточный
manufacturing – производство
assеmbling – сборка
experienced – опытный
jeweler – ювелир
to create – создавать
wonder – чудо
hazard – риск, опасность
healthy – здоровый
to increase – увеличить
reduction – снижение, сокращение
vital – жизненно важный
Answer the questions:
- What department do you study?
- What specialists does your university train?
- What does the word «automation» mean?
- Why do you use machines?
- What features must an engineer have?
Translate into English:
1. Наш университет готовит высококвалифицированных специалистов в этой области.
2. Он готовит специалистов с широким теоретическим и практическим взглядом.
3. Промышленное производство некоторых товаров нуждается в высокоточном процессе производства, сборки.
4. Машины могут создавать чудеса.
5. Благодаря машинам мы можем увеличить качество товара, снижая его цену.
- Mechanical faculty
From the times I was a pupil I got interested in precise sciences and most of all in physics and mathematics. My teachers recommended me the right books to read and supplied me with different bits of equipment to set up my own experiments, let alone the participation in different Olympiads in physics and mathematics. Later on I got interested in engineering and after leaving school I firmly decided to enter the faculty of general engineering of the Ufa Oil University and become an engineer. Now I am a first-year student of the mechanical department. Our University is one of the major centres for training engineers for different branches ofour industry.
In five years I shall graduate from the University and shall become a mechanical engineer. I like my future specialty and study with great interest. During the first two years we are taught general subjects, such as, physics, mathematics, strength of materials, theoretical mechanics, English. In a year we shall begin specializing in one or another field we like best. I am deeply interested in engineering. Engineering demands a sound training in general sciences particularly in physics, mathematics and chemistry. So I work hard. At the last examination session I passed all my exams with good marks. A friend of mine is also interested in engineering and looking forward to become a mechanical engineer. It is our future specialty. Our work will deal with design, construction and operation ofstructures, machines, engines and other devices used in industry and everyday life. Be the way my friend is very good at English and often helps me with it since I'm only a beginner.
Topical Vocabulary
precise sciences – точные науки
to supply – снабжать
to decide firmly – твердо решить
to enter – поступить
branch – отрасль
sound training – тщательная подготовка
to look forward – ожидать с нетерпением
to deal with – иметь дело с чем-либо
device – прибор
every day life – повседневная жизнь
Answer the questions:
- What department do you study?
- Why did you enter the mechanical faculty ?
- What subjects are you taught?
- What will your future work deal with?
- Do you study hard?
Translate into English:
- С детства я интересовался точными науками.
- Я твердо решил стать инженером.
- Через пять лет я стану инженером.
- Инженерная специальность требует тщательной подготовки по физике, математике, химии.
- Я люблю свою будущую специальность и занимаюсь с большим интересом.
C. Chemical Technology of Organic Substances and Compounds
I am a first (second) - year student of the Ufa Oil University. I study at the faculty of "Chemical Technology of Organic Substances and Compounds". I am very fond of chemistry. I wish to become a specialist in petroleum refinery engineering. Students entering our faculty may specialize in various branches, such as organic synthesis, reception of rubber and other compounds of petroleum.
I wish to become a specialist in petroleum refinery engineering. Those who will choose the branch of petroleum and refining engineering will deal with designing and operating various plants with work at research institutes and laboratories. Besides practicing in the university laboratories the students of our department are to get some practical training at various refineries оf the country.
A refinery is a huge chemical enterprise. Distillation units are the heart of the refinery, every distillation unit consists of at least two distillation towers, a tube still, heat exchangers, pumps, etc.
One of the distillation towers is operated at atmospheric pressure, the other one is operated at vacuum. Pumps deliver preheated crude oil to the tube still where it is heated to 360 С at atmospheric pressure. Heated oil is then passed through the distillation tower. Lighter hydrocarbon vapors flown up the tower, are removed at different levels and condense in specials coolers.
Havier fractions are accumulated at the bottom as residuum which undergoes further distillation in the vacuum tower.
Within the refinery one may see many other installations for cracking, dehydrogenation, refining and alkalition huge storage vessel pumping stations, etc. All the units are remotely controlled from the single centre.
The whole process of obtaining valuable products from crude oil is called refining. As a result of refining a great variety of products is obtained, such as gasoline, kerosene, gas oil, lubricating oils, fuels, coke, paraffin and gas for synthesis of petrochemicals and many others.
Topical Vocabulary
organic substances – органические вещества
compound – соединение
petroleum – нефть, нефтяной
refinery – очистительный (нефтеперерабатывающий) завод
to deal with – иметь дело с чем-либо
reception of rubber – получение резины
distillation unit – очистительное сооружение
to consist of – состоять из чего-либо
tower – башня
still – дистиллятор
pump – насос
pressure – давление
vacuum – вакуум, пониженное давление
to heat – нагревать
to pass through – проходить
hydrocarbon vapors – пары углеводорода
to remove – удалять, убирать
to condense – сгущать, конденсировать
havier fractions – более тяжелые фракции
to accumulate –скапливаться (накапливаться)
residuum - остаток
installation - установка
cracking – крекинг (тех.)
dehydrogenation – удаление водорода
storage vessel – емкость для хранения
remotely – на расстоянии
to obtain - получать
lubricating oil – смазочное масло
fuel – горючее, топливо
coke – кокс
Answer the questions:
- What faculty do you study at?
- What branches do the students of your faculty specialize in?
- Where do the students get their practical training?
- What is a refinery?
- What products are obtained in the process of oil refining?
Translate into English:
- Нефтеперерабатывающий завод – это огромное химическое предприятие.
- Студенты проходят практику на различных нефтеперерабатывающих заводах нашей страны.
- Одна из очистительных башен работает при атмосферном давлении.
- Нагретая нефть проходит через очистительную башню.
- В результате очистки получают большое количество продуктов.
- Environmental protection and rational use of nature resources
I'm a student of the Ufa Oil University. I wish to become a specialist in environmental protection and rational use of nature resources.
Environmental protection attracts keen and apprehensive attention all over the world now. Engineers can't stay apart when there is a dangerous evolution of the environment. The ecological crisis which takes place all around is the result and price which man has to pay for scientific and technological progress. At the same time it should be noted that ecological disbalance is determined by social, historical, natural and economic specifics, by the level of development in the economy, science and technology. And to go on, some economic managers are passive, negligent or simply reluctant to abide by the scientifically substantiated nature protection measure. So our task as engineers in ecology is to control their actions in this respect, first, and in more wide sense, to master modem scientific basis of links between enterprises and environment. In 5 years I'll become a full-fledged specialist and I'll try to do my best to care about protection of the atmospheric air, health, mineral wealth, forests, waters, land, animal and plant kingdoms.
After graduation from the University I can work in research and design offices, plants, practically in all fields of industry, and first of all, in chemical and petrochemical ones.
In order to become a highly qualified specialist I must work hard and perfectly know the fundamental engineering disciplines. I should have sound knowledge of special subjects such as ecology, ecological monitoring of environmental surroundings foundations of chemical toxicology; design and ecological analysis, economics, technology of industrial ecology.
Topical Vocabulary
environmental protection – защита окружающей среды
nature resources – природные ресурсы
to attract – привлекать
keen – сильный, глубокий
apprehensive – полный тревоги, понятливый
to stand apart – стоять в стороне
dangerous - опасный
to determine - определять
negligent - халатный, беспечный, равнодушный
reluctant – неохотный, делающий с неохотой
to abide by – оставаться верным, придерживаться чего-либо
to substantiate – доказывать. подтверждать
a full-fledged specialist – вполне подготовленный специалист
to care about – заботиться о
protection – защита
a highly qualified specialist – высококвалифицированный специалист
Answer the questions:
1. Why is there a dangerous evolution of the environment?
2. Which price has the man paid for scientific and technological progress?
3. What task do engineers in ecology have?
4. Where can you work after graduation from the university?
5. What special subjects do you study at the university?
Translate into English:
- Защита окружающей среды привлекает внимание всех прогрессивных людей во всем мире.
- Экологический кризис является результатом научно=технического прогресса человечества.
- Задача инженеров-экологов - усовершенствовать современную научную базу связи предприятия и окружающей среды.
- После окончания университета мы можем работать в научно-исследовательских и проектных институтах.
- Для того чтобы стать высококвалифицированным специалистом, необходимо в совершенстве знать основные инженерные дисциплины.
Learning languages
Language is the means of communication. The most common way of expressing an idea for people is to say it out loud. Language enables people to understand each other. At the same moment language can be a major barrier to understanding because there are thousands of different languages on our planet. From the earliest time, with the development of trade and exchange of ideas and techniques people saw the necessity of learning foreign languages.
A language that is used as a means of communication by people of different nations is called international. International language helps people of different nations to understand each other. Different epochs had different international languages. As a rule the existence of the language as an international one is determined by political, cultural and economic development of the country which language is spoken as international.
In the first half of the 20-th century English started gradually to replace French as the international language. Moreover, in the second half of the 20-th century the United States became the world's dominant power. The USA had enormous political, economic and cultural influence on the Western world.
The transition from French to English as the international language was relatively easy because in many countries of the world people already knew English by that time. The British Empire brought English not only in the North America, but in the Australia, Africa, and India as well. The leadership of English in the modern world can be explained by numerous factors. Over 300 million people who live in Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America speak English is as a native tongue. English is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada, the South African Republic. It is also the second official language used in the former British and U.S. colonies. English is one of the official languages of the United Nations Organisation and other political organisations. It is the language of literature, education, modern music, international tourism. English has become the key to international scientific, technological and commercial innovations of today.
The problem of learning languages is very important today. Foreign languages are socially demanded especially at the present time when the progress in science and technology has led to an explosion of knowledge. The total knowledge of mankind doubles every seven years. English is needed as the main and the most efficient means of information exchange. With the acceptance of English as the international language of technology and commerce appears a new generation of people who know why they are learning the language. Scientists and scholars need it to keep up with developments in their fields. Many students need English because their course of studies includes textbooks available only in English. Young people around the world need English in order to be able to use the Internet, communicate with their partners in other countries, understand films and songs. Specialist should know foreign languages to communicate with their colleagues at the conferences, through books and journals or the Internet.
Unfortunately, there is no universal or ideal method of learning languages. Everybody has his own way. Sometimes it is boring to study grammar or learn new words. But it is well known that reading books in the original, listening to the BBC news, communicating with native speakers will help a lot. When learning a foreign language one learns the culture and history of the native speakers. One must work hard to learn any foreign language.
Russia is integrating into the world community and the problem of learning English for the purpose of communication is especially urgent today. In Russia people learn English to be able to exchange the latest information concerning science, technology and commerce with their colleagues; to be able to read foreign newspapers and books. Learning foreign languages is especially popular among young people. For them English is a way of exploring a completely new world. A person who travels a lot also needs English. Even in the countries where English is not an official language people will generally be able to understand it.
Basically English is an easier language to learn than almost any other language. Its grammar is not difficult at all.The richness of the vocabulary makes English a difficult language. Moreover, spelling and pronunciation make trouble. Another thing is that Russian and English are very different. It is not easy for a Russian to learn how to use definite and indefinite articles properly because there are no articles in Russian.
Specialists have to know that kind of English which will help them to solve their professional problems. They need English for specific purposes. It has been established that there are important differences between, say, the English of commerce and that of engineering. That is why a great deal of English courses for specific groups of learners has been developed. Today specialist of different branches of sciences and professionals can learn English for their specific purposes. Nowadays there are English courses for Biology, Geography, Law, History, Mathematics, Medicine, Economy, and other sciences.
from the earliest time - с древнего времени
development - развитие
necessity - необходимость
means of communication – средство общения
gradually - постепенно
to replace – заменять, замещать
the dominant power – господствующая сила
the leadership – превосходство
the native tongue – родной язык
the United Nations Organisation - ООН
explosion – быстрый рост
to keep up – быть в курсе
available – доступный, наличный
boring - скучный
circumstances -обстоятельства
native speakers - носители языка
purpose – цель
urgent – крайне необходимый
to exchange – обменять, менять
to concern – касаться, иметь отношение
Answer the questions:
- Why do you learn English?
- What language is the internatonal one?
- Why did English become the international language?
- How can the leadership of English in the modern world be explained?
- Is it difficult for you to learn English?
Translate into English:
1. Язык, который используется как средство общения людьми разных национальностей, называется международным.
2. Английский язык нужен в качестве главного и самого эффективного средства обмена информации.
3. Молодые люди изучают английский язык, чтобы пользоваться Интернетом, понимать песни и фильмы.
4. Английский язык легче учить, чем какой-либо другой язык.
5. Изучая язык, мы узнаем культуру и историю страны изучаемого языка.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1 Андрианова Л.Н., Багрова Н.Ю., Ершова Э.В. Курс английского языка для вечерних и заочных технических вузов. – М.: Высшая школа, 2002. – 463 с.
2 Бгашев В.Н., Долматовская Е.Ю., Ручкина Г.А., Швыйковская Р.Н. Английский язык для машиностроительных специальностей вузов. – М.: Высшая школа, 1990. – 416 с.
3 Занина Е. 95 устных тем по английскому языку. – М.: Айрис Пресс., 2002. – 300 с.
4 Миньяр-Белоручева А.П., Иванова О.Д. Английский язык. Ответы на экзаменационные вопросы. – М.: Экзаменационные вопросы. – М.: Экзамен, 2005. – 94 с.
5 Полякова Т.Ю., Синявская Е.В., Тынкова О.И., Улановская Э.С. Английский язык для инженеров. – М.: Высшая школа, 2002. – 463 с.
6 Червякова Л.Д. Английский язык. Основные разговорные экзаменационные темы. – М.: Уникум-центр. 1997. – 244 с.
Содержание
Countries: geography, economy, politics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1State system of Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Bashkortostan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
State system of Bashkortostan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Sterlitamak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
The United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
UK Political System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
London. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
London’s Places of Interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
The United States of America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
US Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..23
Washington D.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Education in Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Higher education in Great Britain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
American Universities and Colleges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
The university I study at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
My Specialty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Automation of Technological Processes and Productions. . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Mechanical faculty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Chemical Technology of Organic Substances and Compounds. . . . . . . . . .41
Environmental protection and rational use of nature resources. . . . . . . . . .43
Learning languages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Список литературы . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Рекомендовано к использованию в учебном процессе решением заседания УМК от 20.06.07 г. протокол № 47.
Редактор Л.А.Матвеева
Подписано в печать 05.10.07 г. Бумага офсетная. Формат 60х84 1/16.
Гарнитура «Таймс». Печать трафаретная. Усл.-печ.л. 2,4. Уч.-изд.л. 2,1.
Тираж 50 экз. Заказ
Издательство Уфимского государственного нефтяного технического университета
Адрес издательства:
450062, РБ, г.Уфа, ул.Космонавтов, 1.
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