CLIMATE AND WEATHER IN GREAT BRITAIN
THE BRITISH PRESS
Probably in no other country are there such great differences between the various national daily newspapers — in the type of news they report and the way they report it.
On the one hand, there are the "quality" newspapers: The Times, The Independent, The Guardian, the Financial Times and The Daily Telegraph. These concern themselves, as far as possible, with factual reports of major national and international events, with the world of politics and business and with the arts and sport.
On the other hand, there are the "populars" and "tabloids," so-called because of their smaller size. The tabloids — the most widely read of which are The Daily Mail, The Daily Express, the Daily Mirror, The Sun and The Daily Star — concentrate on more emotive reporting of stories often featuring sex, violence, the Royal Family, film and pop stars, and sport. It's often said that the popular press aims to entertain its readers rather than inform them.
The tabloid press is much more popular than the quality press.
In some countries, newspapers are owned by government or by political parties. This is not the case in Britain. Newspapers here are mostly owned by individuals or by publishing companies, and the editors of the papers are usually allowed considerate freedom of expression. This is not to say that newspapers are without political bias. Papers like The Daily Telegraph, The Daily Express and
The Sun, for example, usually reflect Conservative opinions in their comment and reporting, while the Daily Mirror and The Guardian have a more left-wing bias.
In addition to the 12 national daily newspapers there are nine national papers which are published on Sundays. Most of the "Sundays" contain more reading matter than daily papers, and several of them also include "colour supplements" — separate colour magazines which contain photographically illustrated feature articles. Reading a Sunday paper, like having a big Sunday
lunch, is an important tradition in many British households.
Besides, nearly every area in Britain has one or more local newspapers.
The British are one of the biggest newspaper-reading nations in the world.
Names
The Times [taimz] the Financial Times [fai,naenfl 'taimz]
The Independent [indi'pendant] The Daily Telegraph [,deili 'teligraif]
The Gardian ['ga:djan] The Daily Mail ['deili 'meil]
The Daily Express [,deili iks'pres]
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the Daily Mirror [,deili 'mira]
The Daily Star [,deili 'sta:]
The Sun [влп]
Vocabulary
various ['vearias] различный, разнообразный
national ['neSnl] национальный, государственный
daily ['deili] ежедневный
to report [ri'pot] сообщать, писать, печатать
on the one hand с одной стороны
"quality" ['kwoliti] newspapers пресса "высокого
качества" (для бизнесменов, политиков и т.д),
газеты полного формата
to concern [kan'sёn] oneself with заниматься,
интересоваться
factual ['faektSual] фактический, основанный на
фактах
major ['meidже] главный, основной
international [jnta'neSnl] международный
politics ['politiks] политика, политические взгляды,
убеждения
on the other hand с другой стороны
"popular" [popjula] газета для широкой публики
"tabloid" ['taebloid] малоформатная газета со сжатым текстом и большим количеством иллюстраций; бульварная пресса
to concentrate ['konsantreit] on сосредоточиваться на
emotive [i'moutiv] reporting эмоциональная подача материала
to feature ['fi:tSe] помещать в газете (на видном месте)
violence [vaialans] насилие
royal ['roial] family королевская семья
it's often said частоговорят
to aim стремиться
to entertain [.enta'tein] rather than inform скорее
развлекать, чем информировать
to own [oun] владеть
This is not the case in Britain. He так обстоит дело в Британии.
individual [jndi'vidjual] личность, индивидуум, частное лицо
publishing company ['клтрэп!] издательство
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editor ['edita] редактор
to allow [a'lau] разрешать, предоставлять
considerate [kan'sidarit] freedom значительная свобода
bias f'baias] предубежденность, пристрастие, уклон
to reflect [ri'flekt] отражать
conservative [kan'saivativ] консервативный
comment f'koment] комментарий
left-wing левый
in addition to кроме, помимо
"Sundays" газеты, публикуемые по выходным
matter ['maeta] материал
supplement ['SAplimant] приложение
feature article ['fi:tjer 'a.-tikl] большая статья в газете
(посвященная какой-либо одной теме), очерк
household ['haushauld] семья; люди, живущие в
одномдоме
local f'laukl] местный
OUR PLANET EARTH
The planet Earth is only a tiny part of the universe, but it's the only place where human beings can live.
Today, our planet is in serious danger. Acid rains, global warming, air and water pollution, overpopulation are the problems that threaten human life on Earth.
Who is to blame for the disaster? The answer is simple: all of us.
Our forests are disappearing because they are cut down or burnt. If this trend continues, one day we won't have enough oxygen to breathe.
The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear waste, chemical fertilisers and pesticides. The Mediterranean is already nearly dead; the North Sea is following. The Aral Sea is on the brink of extinction. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in the seas.
Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out for ever. If nothing is done about it, one million species that are alive today may soon become extinct.
Air pollution is another serious problem. In Cairo just breathing the air is dangerous — equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes a day. The same holds true for many Russian cities.
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Factories emit tons of harmful chemicals. These emissions have disastrous consequences for our planet. They are the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains.
An even greater threat are nuclear power stations. We all know how tragic the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster are.
Fortunately, it's not too late to solve these problems. We have the time, the money and even the technology to make our planet a better, cleaner and safer place. We can plant trees and create parks for endangered species. We can recycle litter. We can support green parties and put pressure on those in power. Together we can save the planet and all of us with it.
Names
the Mediterranean [,medit8'reinian] Средиземное the Aral [a:'ra:l] Sea Аральскоеморе
море Cairo ['kairau] Каир
the North Sea Северноеморе Chernobyl [tjai'nobl] Чернобыль
Vocabulary
tiny ['taini] крошечный
universe ['ju:niv3:s] вселенная
human being [,hju:man 'bi:io] человек
acid f'aesid] rains кислотныедожди
global ['gteubl] warming глобальноепотепление
pollution [pa'lu:Jn] загрязнение
overpopulation [,auvapopju'leijn] перенаселение
to threaten ['6retn] угрожать
to blame ['bleim] винить
disaster [di'za:sta] несчастье, беда
to cut down ['k/\t 'daun] рубить, срубать
trend тенденция
oxygen ['oksid3an] кислород
to breathe ['britd] дышать
poison ['poizn] яд, отрава
industrial and nuclear ['nju:klia] waste промышленные и ядерные отходы
fertilizer [;f3:tilaiza] удобрение
pesticide f'pestisaid] пестицид
on the brink of extinction [ik'stiijkjn] на грани исчезновения
to die out вымирать
species ['spi:fi:z] вид, род
to become extinct [ik'stiQkt] вымирать
equivalent [tkwivalant] равноценный, равнозначный
the same holds true for это справедливо для, это касается и...
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to emit [i mit] выбрасывать
harmful ['ha:mfal] вредный
chemicals ['kemikalz] химикалии
emission [i'mijn] выброс
disastrous [di'zarstras] чудовищный
consequence ['konsikwans] последствие
greenhouse effect ['gri:nhaus i,fekt] парниковый эффект
threat ['9ret] угроза
nuclear power station [,nju:klia 'paua ,steijn] атомная электростанция
tragic ['traedjik] трагический
technology [tek'nolad3i] технология
endangered [in'deindjad] вымирающий (вид)
to recycle [,ri:'saikl] утилизировать
litter [lite] мусор
to support [sa'po:t] поддерживать
to put pressure ['preja] on оказывать давление на
those in power те, кто находится у власти
TRAVELLING
Millions of people all over the world spend their holidays travelling. They travel to see other countries and continents, modern cities and the ruins of ancient towns, they travel to enjoy picturesque places, or just for a change of scene. It's always interesting to discover new things, different ways of life, to meet different people, to try different food, to listen to different musical rhythms.
Those who live in the country like to go to a big city and spend their time visiting museums and art galleries, looking at shop windows and dining at exotic restaurants. City-dwellers usually like a quiet holiday by the sea or in the mountains, with nothing to do but walk and bathe and laze in the sun.
Most travellers and holiday-makers take a camera with them and take pictures of everything that interests them — the sights of a city, old churches and castles, views of mountains, lakes, valleys, plains, waterfalls, forests; different kinds of trees, flowers and plants, animals and birds.
Later, perhaps years later, they will be reminded by the photos of the happy time they have had.
People travel by train, by plane, by boat and by car.
All means of travel have their advantages and disadvantages. And people choose one according to their plans and destinations.
If we are fond of travelling, we see and learn a lot of things that we can never see or learn at home, though we may read about them in books and newspapers, and see pictures of them on TV. The best way to study geography is to travel, and the best way to get to know and understand people is to meet them in their own homes.
Vocabulary
ruins ['ruinz] руины, развалины
ancient ['einSant] древний
to enjoy [in'd30i] наслаждаться
picturesque [piktSa'resk] живописный
change of scene [si:n] перемена обстановки
to discover [dis'kave] открывать, обнаруживать
rhythm [ridm] ритм
art gallery ['geleri] картиннаягалерея
exotic [ig'zotik] экзотический
restaurant ['restront] ресторан
city-dweller ['dwele] горожанин
to bathe [beid] купаться
to laze [leiz] in the sun валяться на солнце
holiday-maker отдыхающий, отпускник
camera ['kaemare] фотоаппарат
to take pictures of фотографировать
sight ['salt] вид
church [tSotS] церковь
castle f'ka:sl] замок
view [yju:] вид
valley [vaeli] долина
plain [plein] равнина
waterfall ['wo:tafo:l] водопад
to remind [ri'maind] напоминать
photo ['feutauj фотография
advantage [ed'va:ntid3] преимущество
disadvantage [,disad'va:ntid3] недостаток
destination [,desti'neijn] место назначения,
цель (путешествия, похода и т.п.)
CLIMATE AND WEATHER IN GREAT BRITAIN
The climate in Great Britain is mild and temperate due to the influence of the Gulf Stream.
The British often say: "Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather." The weather in Britain is very changeable. A fine morning can change into a wet afternoon and evening. And a nasty morning can change to a fine afternoon. That's why it is natural for the British to use the comparison "as changeable as the weather" of a person who often changes his mood or opinion about something.
The British also say that they have three variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon or when it rains all day long.
The weather is the favourite conversational topic in England. When two Englishmen meet, their first words will be "How do you do?" or "How are you?" And after the reply "Very well, thank you; how are you?" the next remark is almost certain to be about the weather. When they go abroad the
British often surprise people of other nationalities by this tendency to talk about the weather, a topic of conversation that other people do not find so interesting.
The best time of the year in Britain is spring (of course, it rains in spring too).
The two worst months in Britain are January and February. They are cold, damp and unpleasant. The best place in the world then is at home by the big fire.
Summer months are rather cold and there can be a lot of rainy days. So most people who look forward to summer holidays, plan to go abroad for the summer — to France, Spain or some other place on the Continent.
The most unpleasant aspect of British weather is fog and smog. This is extremely bad in big cities and especially in London.
The fog spreads everywhere, it is in the streets and it creeps into the houses. Cars move along slowly, but still street accidents are frequent in the fog. People cannot see each other. They creep along the houses touching them with their hands not to lose their way or not to be run over by a car.
Names
Gulf Stream ['длК strhm] Гольфстрим the Continent ['kontinant] континент (такангличане
называютЕвропу)
Vocabulary
climate ['klaimit] климат
mild [maild] мягкий
temperate ['temprit] умеренный
dueto ['dju: tu:] благодаря, вследствие
influence [Influans] влияние
changeable ['tjeind3abl] изменчивый,
неустойчивый
nasty ['na:sti] мерзкий, противный
comparison [kam'paerisn] сравнение
mood [mu:d] настроение
opinion [a'pinjan] мнение
remark [ri'ma:k] замечание
to go abroad [a'bro:d] поехать за границу
nationality [jiaeja'naeliti] национальность
tendency ['tendansi] тенденция
damp влажный, сырой
fire [faia] камин
to look forward ['fo:wad] to с нетерпением ждать
aspect ['aespekt] аспект, сторона
fog туман
smog (smoke + fog) смог
extremely [iks'titmli] чрезвычайно
to spread [spred] (spread) распространять(ся),
расстилать(ся)
to creep (crept) ползти, красться
accident ['asksidant] несчастный случай
frequent [fitkwent] частый
to lose way заблудиться
to be run over by a car попасть под машину
HOLIDAYS IN GREAT BRITAIN
There are fewer public holidays in Great Britain than in other European countries. They are: Christmas Day, Boxing Day, New Year's Day, Good Friday, Easter Monday, May Day, Spring Bank Holiday and Summer Bank Holiday. Public holidays in Britain are called bank holidays, because the banks as well as most of the offices and shops are closed.
The most popular holiday is Christmas. Every year the people of Norway give the city of London a present. It's a big Christmas tree and it stands in Trafalgar Square. Central streets are beautifully decorated.
Before Christmas, groups of singers go from house to house. They collect money for charity and sing carols, traditional Christmas songs. Many churches hold a carol service on the Sunday before Christmas.
The fun starts the night before, on the 24th of December. Traditionally this is the day when people decorate their trees. Children hang stockings at the end of their beds, hoping that Father Christmas will come down the chimney during the night and fill them with toys and sweets.
Christmas is a family holiday. Relatives usually meet for the big Christmas dinner of turkey and Christmas pudding. And everyone gives and receives presents. The 26th of December, Boxing Day, is an extra holiday after Christmas Day. This is the time to visit friends and relatives or perhaps sit at home and watch football.
New Year's Day is less popular in Britain than Christmas. But in Scotland, Hogmanay is the biggest festival of the year.
Besides public holidays there are some special festivals in Great Britain. One of them takes place on the 5th of November. On that day, in 1605, Guy Fawkes tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament and kill King James I. He didn't succeed. The King's men found the bomb, took Guy Fawkes to the Tower and cut off his head.
Since that day the British celebrate the 5th of November. They burn a dummy, made of straw and old clothes, on a bonfire and let off fireworks.
This dummy is called a "guy" (like Guy Fawkes) and children can often be seen in the streets before the 5th of November saying, "Penny for the guy." If they collect enough money they can buy some fireworks.
There are also smaller, local festivals in Britain.
Names
Christmas ['krismas] Day Рождество (25 декабря) New Year's Day Новыйгод
Boxing ['boksiQ] Day второй день Рождества, день
рождественских подарков (в этот день принято дарить подарки)
Good Friday Великая пятница (пятница на страстной неделе)
Easter [1:sta] Monday первый понедельник после Пасхи
May Day майский праздник, праздник весны
(отмечается в первое воскресенье мая)
Spring Bank Holiday весеннийденьотдыха
(в мае или начале июня)
Summer Bank Holiday летний день отдыха (в августе или сентябре)
Trafalgar Square [tra;fselga 'skwea] Трафальгарскаяплощадь
Norway ['no-.wei] Норвегия
Father Christmas Рождественский дед, Дед Мороз
Hogmanay ['hogmanei] хогманей, канун Нового года
Guy Fawkes [,gai 'fo:ks] Гай Фокс (глава "Пороховогозаговора")
the Houses of Parliament ['palement] здание английскогопарламента
King James I [,d3eimz da "f3:st] Джеймс I (король Англии с 1603 no 1625г.)
the Tower ['taua] Тауэр
Vocabulary
Christmas tree рождественскаяелка
to decorate ['dekareit] украшать
charity ['tfaeriti] благотворительность
carol ['kaeral] кэрол (рождественская песня религиозного содержания, славящая рождение Христа)
service ['saivis] служба (церковная)
to hang (hung) развешивать
stocking t'stokir)] чулок
chimney ftjimni] труба
relative f'relativ] родственник
turkey ['ta:ki] индейка
Christmas pudding ['pudio] рождественский пудинг (с изюмом, цукатами и пряностями)
festival ['festival] празднество, праздник
to blow up взорвать
to succeed [sak'shd] достигнуть цели, добиться
bomb [bom] бомба
to cut off smb's head отрубить кому-либо голову
to celebrate ['selibreit] праздновать, торжественно отмечать
to burn [Ьз:п] жечь, сжигать
dummy [Шт1] кукла, чучело, манекен
straw [stro:] солома
bonfire ['bonfaia] костер
to let off fireworks ['faiawarks] устроитьфейерверк
penny ['peni] пенни, пенс
local ['laukl] местный
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