Проверьте, знаете ли вы следующие слова и словосочетания, необходимые для понимания текста
А) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты:
influence
plumb line
to level
to coincide
at rest
приводить (в направление)
совпадать, соответствовать
состоянии покоя
отвес
влияние
Б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты:
направлять
проистекать, происходить
равномерный, одинаковый
соответствовать
избыток
even
to point
to correspond
excess
to result from
G E O I D
The geoid is the shape that the surface of the oceans would take under the influence of Earth’s gravitation and rotation alone, in the absence of other influences such as winds and tides. This surface is extended through the continents (such as with very narrow hypothetical canals). All points on the geoid have the same gravity potential energy (the sum of gravitational potential energy and centrifugal potential energy). The force of gravity acts everywhere perpendicular to the geoid, meaning that plumb lines point perpendicular and water levels parallel to the geoid.
Specifically, the geoid is the equipotential surface that would coincide with the mean ocean surface of the Earth if the oceans and atmosphere were in equilibrium, at rest relative to the rotating Earth, and extended through the continents (such as with very narrow canals). According to Gauss, who first described it, it is the “mathematical figure of the Earth”, a smooth but highly irregular surface whose shape results from the uneven distribution of mass within and on the surface of the Earth. It does not correspond to the actual surface of the Earth’s crust, but to a surface which can only be known through extensive gravitational measurements and calculations. It is often described as the true physical figure of the Earth, in contrast to the idealized geometrical figure of a reference ellipsoid.
The surface of the geoid is higher than the reference ellipsoid wherever there is a positive gravity anomaly (mass excess) and lower than the reference ellipsoid wherever there is a negative gravity anomaly (mass deficit)
Проверьте, знаете ли вы следующие слова и словосочетания, необходимые для понимания текста.
А) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты:
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to derive
representation
interpretation
to furnish
dispensable
предоставлять
объяснение, раскрытие
представление, показ
необязательный несущественный
получать
Б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты:
операции, процесс displacement
важность procedure
переоценивать to lay out
планировать to overestimate
перемещение significance
S U R V E Y I N G
Surveying is a science of making measurements on the earth’s surface, determining the figure and dimensions of the form of plans and maps.
“Geodesy”, which means surveying, a word of Greek origin, is translated as “division of earth”.
The science of surveying derives its origin from practical requirements of man. Determination of the figure and dimensions of the earth is the object of geodetic surveying. Procedures related to the representation of small parts of earth’s surface in the form of plans are the object of plane surveying.
The progress of surveying is closely related to number of other sciences. Mathematics, physics, and astronomy have all had a great share in promoting the progress of geodesy. Mathematics provides methods of analysis and techniques for interpretation of measurements results. Physics furnishes formulae for computing various optical devices and instrumental data required by surveying.
Surveying is also closely connected with geography, geology and, particularly, with geomorphology. The knowledge of geography is indispensable for a correct interpretation of landscape elements such as relief features, natural cover of the earth’s surface (vegetation, soils, seas, lakes, rivers), and cultural and man-made and features, (settlements, roads, means of communication, economic establishments.)
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The practical significance of surveying cannot be overestimated. Without geodetic measurements it is impossible to lay out road, canals, underground structures, such as underground railways, pipelines, cable lines, overhead systems such as electric transmission lines, communication lines. Surveying is required in territorial surveys, in laying out construction projects, in making various measurements at the separate stages of construction, and even to determine the amount of deformation and displacement in existing structures.
Surveying is an element of town planning, green plantation and development projects in cities and towns. Realization of the project demands that engineer is capable of carrying out surveying operations which are necessary for setting out the engineering structure.
Определите по суффиксу часть речи: а) существительное; b) прилагательное; c) наречие:
1. weightless; 2. function; 3. physicist; 4. thickness; 5. usually; 6. experimental; 7. transmission; 8. operator; 9. reading; 10. examiner; 11. changeable; 12. completely; 13. improvement.
Выберите английское слово, соответствующее русскому:
1. отражение - a) reflect; b) reflective; с) reflection.
2. бесполезный - a) use; b) useless; с) useful; d) usefulness.
3. равенство - a) equal; b) equally; c) equality.
Сравните сказуемые в данных предложениях, затем переведите и объясните, чем обусловлено изменение смысла:
1. The scientist is asked to make...
2. The designer is informed...
3. The tests are followed by...
4. The control system protected...
5. I was offered...
6. We were helped...
- He is to be asked to make...
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- He is to be informed...
- They are to be followed by...
- It is to be protected...
- I was to be offered...
- - We were to be helped.
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод сказуемого в страдательном залоге:
1. Many scientists were invited to work at the design of the system.
2. The young specialists were offered to concentrate their efforts on the construction of the project.
3. The designers were given the necessary information about the planet.
4. The experimental model will be followed by mass production.
5. The original design of the protective complex was already referred to in some journals.
6. The new method was paid great attention to.
7. The engineers’ measurements and calculations can be relied on.
8. The operation of the device will not be influenced by outer factors.
Пользуясь колонкой справа, назовите время и залог сказуемого. Сочетания слов переведите:
1. We are installing new equipment...
2. It was installed...
3. It was being installed...
4. It is installed...
5. It will be installed...
6. It is being installed...
7. We will be installing it…
- Present Indefinite Passive
- Past Continuous Passive
- Future Indefinite Passive
- Present Continuous Passive
- Past Indefinite Passive
- Future Continuous Active
- Present Continuous Passive.
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на время и залог сказуемого:
1. Interesting and important researches are done all over the world. An interesting research in the field of geodesy is being done at our Institute.
2. Weather conditions in the North were studied by meteorologists daily. The information about these conditions was being studied by our group for a week.
3. The accuracy of the instruments will be improved from year to year. One instrument is being worked at in out laboratory.
Образуйте глаголы при помощи данных суффиксов и переведите как исходные, так и производные слова:
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-en: length, strength, hard, wid(e), broad
-ify: solid, pur(e), simpl(e), intens(e), qual(ity)
-ize: magnet, organ, character, special, pressur(e)
Образуйте при помощи суффикса -ion существительные от глаголов с суффиксом -ate и переведите как исходные, так и производные слова:
illustrat(e), regulat(e), demonstrat(e), accelerat(e), indicat(e), activat(e), concentrat(e)
Переведите слова одного корня, обращая внимание на способы образования различных частей речи:
1. Long a
strong a
high a
2. broad a
deep a
wide a
3. thick a
weak a
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-
-
-
-
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length
strength
height
broaden
deepen
widen
thicken
weaken
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-
-
-
-
-
-
lengthen
strengthen
heighten
breadth
depth
width
thickness
weakness
Words to be learnt:
to invent – изобретать
to carry out – выполнять
to stumble – натолкнуться
to magnify – увеличивать
artisan – мастеровой
convex – выпуклый
concave – вогнутая
to house – вмещать, помещать
dome – купол
to make a great contribution – вносить вклад во что-либо
TELESCOPE
For more than four centuries telescopes have been the Earth's window on the universe. But the views they give have been limited by the size and shape of the instruments.
Invention of a Telescope. The first telescope is considered to have been invented by three Dutch glass polishers, Jansen, Metius and Lippersheim. While carrying out their jobs they must have stumbled on the ability of a system of two lenses to magnify distant objects. However, the telescopes manufactured by Dutch artisans were far from adequate.
The first more or less adequate telescope was invented and manufactured in 1609 by the famous Italian scientist Galileo (1564-1642). It was the first real telescope in the world. Galileo described his telescope thus: “I made a lead tube, and fixed an optical glass at each end. Both of them were flat on one side, while on the other side one lens was convex and the other concave. By looking through the concave glass I saw the objects much bigger and closer; they seemed ten times bigger than they were in reality”. Now scientists in many countries are developing bigger telescopes that will enable astronomers to look deeper into the corners of the universe. The main principle of a telescope is: the larger the mirror, the clearer and brighter the reflected image will be.
The world’s largest optical telescope is at 2.100 meters above the sea level. It was designed and created at the Optical and Mechanical Association. The main part of the telescope is the mirror which is six meters in diameter and weights 42 tons. The mirror’s area is about 30 square meters and it has been polished to the highest degree of accuracy. The telescope is housed in a tower with a revolving 1.000-ton dome.
Many countries have developed large-size optical telescopes in the recent 30 years, but this telescope is the most powerful. The following gives an idea of what the telescope can do. With this telescope a candle flame can be seen from a distance of 25.000 km. Its power is 40-50 million times greater than, that of a naked eye. With this telescope astronomers can investigate the most remote bodies in the universe. It will help to solve many important scientific problems, thus making a great contribution to the mankind’s knowledge. Astronomers have used the telescope to take several unique photographs of stars. The development of this unique telescope is a great achievement of Russian science and technology.
Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What is the history of the first telescope?
2. In what way did Galileo describe his real telescope?
3. What modem telescopes are scientists developing now?
4. What is the main principle of a modem telescope?
5. What is the main part of the world’s largest optical telescope?
6. Why is a large-size telescope a great achievement of science and technology?
Сравните данные пары предложений, обращая внимание на время и залог сказуемого. Предложения переведите:
1. They have already applied new methods in their research.
2. Our country has developed into a powerful state and has made great
progress in all fields of industry, technology and science.
New methods of obtaining polymers have been applied at our plant.
The flexible line that has been recently developed at our plant has greatly improved the production process.
1. By the end of the 19th century scientists had made the first attempts to obtain synthetic materials.
2. The workers will have built this new house by the beginning of the new year.
A great number of experiments at the designing institute had been made before the flood defence system was worked out.
Our workshop will have been equipped with new multipurpose machine tools by the time when the reconstruction of the plant is over.
В следующих парах предложений определите время и залог сказуемого. Предложения переведите:
1. The engineers at our laboratory' made a very interesting experiment last week. Our country has made great achievements in all fields of industry, technology and science.
2. During the nineteenth century a great development of science and technology took place in the world. Rapid changes have taken place in science and technology since the end of the Second World War.
3. An interesting phenomenon in the field of gravimetrical effects was discovered by Russian scientists. Almost all chemical elements which have been found on the Earth have been discovered in the Sun and the planets of solar system.
Переведите сочетания, обращая внимание на перевод слов одного корня:
to apply a new method; an applicable method; application of new ways of production
to direct the movement; a direct contact; the direction of flight; to use the method directly
К словам из группы (а) подберите антонимы из группы (б):
а) modern, regular, outer, to strengthen, to include, to like, possible, rapidly, past, efficient, unlimited, accurate
б) slowly, impossible, inefficient, future, limited, inner, old, inaccurate, irregular, to dislike, to weaken, to exclude
К словам из группы (а) подберите синонимы из группы (б):
a) to proceed, normally, owing to, accurate, to provide, various, to switch on, a lot of, large, to use, man-made, for instance, to define
6) many, for example, to turn on, to continue, artificial, to supply, big. to determine, precise, usually, to apply, different, due to
Определите по суффиксу часть речи: а) существительное, b)глагол, с) прилагательное, d) наречие:
1. lengthen; 2. appearance; 3. scientific; 4. improvement; 5. sensitive; 6. various; 7. helpless; 8. precisely; 9. characterize; 10. difference; 11. inventor
Выберите английские слова, соответствующие выделенным русским:
1. размер - a) size; b) side; с) shape; d) sort
2. точный - a) powerful; b) possible; c) pure; d) precise
3. проект - a) defence; b) design; c) forecast; d) level
4. применение - a) foundation; b) solution; c) application; d) education
5. обеспечить - a) produce; b) provide; c) establish; d) measure
Выберите синонимы к выделенным словам:
6. have - a) supply; b) possess; c) put; d) pour
7. carry out - a) play; b) pass; c) protect; d) conduct
8. link - a) connect; b) locate; c) listen; d) look
9. receive - a) run; b) rise; c) raise; d) get
Выберите антонимы к выделенным словам:
10. send - a) test; b) receive; с) turn; d) offer
11. various - a) powerful; b) similar; c) huge; d) wide
12. rapidly - a) slowly; b) deeply; c) brightly; d) widely
Сравните формы и перевод Participle I и II в функции:
а) определения, стоящего перед определяемым словом:
boiling water
developed country
reflecting surface
boiled water
developing country
reflected light
б) определения, стоящего после определяемого слова:
We need device improving the accurate measurements.
The lab assistant making the experiment works in the evening.
The device improved gives more accuracy measurements.
The results of the experiment madein our lab were goo
He прибегая к помощи словаря, переведите интернациональные слова:
classification [ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn] n
horizontal [ˌhɒrɪˈzɒntl] a
apparatus [ˌæpəˈreɪtəs] n
result [rɪˈzʌlt] n
publication [ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃn] n
theoretical [θɪəˈrɛtɪkl] a
theory [ˈθɪəri] n
vertical [ˈvɜːtɪkl] a
Переведите сочетания слов, обращая внимание на значения выделенных префиксов:
a lot of unsolved problems, under unusual conditions, inaccurate amount, irregular form, impossible situation, to reassemble the model, supernatural phenomenon, intercontinental communication.
Назовите, по каким признакам можно определить часть речи выделенных слов:
her name - we name
he marks - his marks
the order - they order
his entrance - he enters
she suggests - her suggestion
this results (in) - these results
a great deal of - they deal (with)
the last lectures - the lectures last
appointment - he was appointed
а) Не прибегая к помощи словаря, переведите интернациональные слова, встречающиеся в тексте данного урока. Обратите внимание на их полное совпадение с соответствующими русскими словами по значению и частичное - по звучанию:
base [ beɪs ] v sphere [ sfɪə] n
generate [ ˈdʒenəreɪt ] v transmission [ trænzˈmɪʃn ] n
process [ ˈprouses ] n assistant [ əˈsɪstnt ] n
figure [ ˈfɪɡə ] n manufacture [ ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃə ] v
б) Переведите со словарем слова, частично совпадающие с соответствующими русскими словами по значению и звучанию. Выберите нужное значение слова, исходя из контекста:
fraction [ ˈfræk.ʃən ] n principle [ ˈprɪnsipl ] n
generation [ ˈdʒenə'reɪʃn ] n resources [ rɪˈsɔːsiz ] n
в) Найдите в словаре значение слова actually [ ˈæktʃjuəli ] adv. Это - так называемый "ложный друг переводчика", т.к. слово, сходное по звучанию, но совершенно не совпадающее по значению с соответствующим русским словом.
Определите, каким членом предложения является глагольная форма с окончанием -ing, предложения переведите:
1. Applying the method will give the results desired. Applying the method the technologists will get the results desired.
2. Dividing a unit of distance by a unit of time we get a unit of speed. Dividing a unit of distance by a unit of time gives a unit of speed.
3. When adding heat we can change the state of a substance.
4. Mathematics is developing rapidly and is entering other sciences.
5. Upon adding heat we can change the state of a substance.
6. The purpose of this research is developing some new kinds of coloured films.
Назовите номера слов с отрицательным префиксом:
1. superslow; 2. reproduce; 3. inexpensive; 4. irregular; 5. overfill; 6. recreate; 7. discontinue; 8. impossible; 9. subdivide; 10. unequal.
Назовите номера слов с префиксом, имеющим значение сверх-, пере-:
11. retransmit; 12. misinform; 13. undesirable; 14. overdo; 15. subdivide; 16. overestimate.
Назовите номера слов с префиксом, обозначающим повторность действия:
17. rebroadcast; 18. overcool; 19. unlimited; 20. remake; 21. impure; 22. reequip.
Назовите номера слов с префиксом, имеющим значение «неверно»:
23. supercritical; 24. subgroup; 25. impure; 26. misunderstand; 27. inorganic; 28. misuse; 29. reuse.
Выберите английское слово, соответствующее русcкому:
1. разный (различный) - а) difficult; b) desirable; c) different
2. значительный - a) cheap; b) considerable; c) different
3. увеличить- a) increase; b) estimate; c) reach; d) succeed
4. усилить - а) remain; b) represent; c) result in; d) strengthen
5. определять - а) predict; b) arrange; c) obtain; d) determine
6. достигать - а) deal; b) achieve; c) create; d) need
Определите, к каким частям речи относятся слова одного корня, затем переведите слова:
to transform - transformer - transformation; to accelerate -accelerator - acceleration; to convert - converter - conversion - convertible; to compare - comparison - comparative - comparatively; to construct - constructor - construction - constructive - constructively
К словам из группы (а) подберите синонимы из группы (б):
а) to finish, famous, to obtain, to convert, to apply, different, thanks to, to permit
б) to allow, various, to use, to transform, to complete, well-known, due to, to get
К словам из группы (а) подберите антонимы из группы (б):
а)solid, increase, cheap, natural, fast, light, rich, unknown, to begin, to connect, different
б) liquid, same, to complete, famous, decrease, poor, man-made, expensive, dark, to disconnect, slow
Переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите, чем являются слова, оканчивающиеся на -ing (причастием, герундием или отглагольным существительным):
1. The Earth and the Moon travel together making a complete trip around the Sun once a year.
2. Besides using optical telescopes scientists are extensively employing radio telescopes, which are huge antennae, constantly listening to the radio signals coming from our distant neighbours in the universe.
3. Astronomers determine the mass of the Sun by calculating its effects on the Earth.
4. Knowing how to detect radio signals emitted by the Sun and other heavenly bodies people can greatly enlarge their possibilities of observing the universe.
5. At the beginning of the century scientists succeeded in investigating the distant planets.
Выберите правильный ответ в соответствии с содержанием текста:
1. What is the main principle of a telescope?
a) the smaller the mirror, the brighter the reflected image;
b) the lighter the mirror, the brighter the reflected image;
c) the larger the mirror, the clearer and brighter the reflected image.
2. Which is the main part of an optical telescope?
a) a revolving dome; b) a mirror; c) an electronic control unit.
3. What can astronomers investigate with this unique telescope?
a) out star - the Sun; b) man-made satellites; c) the most remote bodies in the universe.
Заполните пропуски, пользуясь списком слов, данных ниже:
1. The views the telescopes give are limited by the ... and ... of the instruments.
2. The main principle of a telescope is the ... the mirror the ... the reflected image.
3. The unique telescope was ... and ... at the Leningrad Optical and Mechanical Association
4. The ... of the telescope mirror is 30 square meters.
5. The ... of this telescope is 40-50 million times ... than that of a naked eye.
6. With this telescope astronomers can … the most remote bodies in the universe.
investigate; designed; created; area; size; shape; power; larger; brighter; greater
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