Countries that achieved independence after the Second World War

Checked:Sarsenova  I.B.

Almaty 2018

Contents:

Introduction …………………………………………………………..……………3

History of formation and stages of the formation of a political map of the world........................................................................................................................4

Countries that achieved independence after the Second World War……………....6

Conclusion ………………………………………......……..……………..………..7

References ……………………………………………..…......……..............……..8

Applications……………………………………………...…………………………9

Introduction

The term "political map" usually refers to two values — in the narrow and broad sense. In a narrow sense is a mapping edition, which shows the modern borders of the countries of the world and belonging to their territory. In a broad sense, political map of the world is not only state borders marked on a map basis. It carries information about the history of the formation of political systems and States, the relationship between States in the modern world, about the uniqueness of regions and countries by their political system, influence of host countries on their political system and economic development. This political world map is a historical category, as it reflects all changes to the political system and of state borders, occurring as a result of various historical events. (Figure 1)

History of formation and stages of the formation of a political map of the world

Stages of formation of the political map of the world. The process of forming a political map of the world dates back several millennia. It took a lot of eras, so we can talk about the existence of periods in shaping the political map of the world. Release: ancient, medieval, modern and contemporary periods. Ancient period (from the era of the emergence of the first forms of the state up to V century A. C.) covers the era of the slave system. Is characterized by the development and collapse of the first States in the world: Ancient Egypt, Carthage, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, etc. These States have made a great contribution to the development of world civilization. Even then the main means of territorial changes was military action. The medieval period (V—XV centuries) associated in our minds with the era of feudalism. Political functions of the feudal state was already more complex and diverse than the States the slave system. Developed domestic market, overcome the isolation regions. Evidence of the desire of States to distant territorial conquests, the search for new (Maritime) routes to India, as overland trade routes to the East (after the fall of Constantinople) was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. During this period, there were States: Byzantium, the Holy Roman Empire, England, Spain, Portugal, Kievan Rus etc. has Greatly changed the political map of the world in the era of Great geographical discoveries. Chronology: 1420-ies— the first colonial conquests of Portugal: the Azores, Madeira, the slave Coast (Africa). 1453 — fall of Constantinople. 1492-1502. — the discovery of America . The beginning of Spanish colonization of the Americas. 1494 — the Treaty of Tordesillas — division of the world between Portugal and Spain. 1498 — the voyage of Vasco da Gama (route from Europe around Africa to India). 1499_ 1504. — travels of Amerigo Vespucci to South America. 1519_ 1522. — voyage round the world of Magellan and his companions. With the turn of XV—XVI centuries began a New period of history.

This was the era of the origin, rise and consolidation of capitalist relations in the world. It marked the beginning of European colonial expansion and the spread of international economic relations throughout the world. In the era of Great geographical discoveries of the largest colonial powers were Spain and Portugal. But with the development of the manufacturing production to the forefront of history, go England, France, Netherlands, Germany, and later the United States. This period of history was characterized by large colonial conquests. The world is redrawn repeatedly. Particularly precarious was the political map of the world at the turn of XIX—XX centuries, when between the leading countries has greatly increased the struggle for the territorial division of the world. So, in 1876 only 10% of Africa belonged to the Western European countries, whereas in 1900 — already 90%. And the beginning of the XX century is actually section of the world has been fully completed, i.e., was made possible only by his forcible redistribution. The beginning of the modern period in shaping the political map of the world is associated with the end of world war I (first stage). The following turning points were world war II and the turn of 1980-90-ies, which is characterised by major changes on the political map of Eastern Europe. The first stage was marked by the appearance on the world map of the first socialist state (the RSFSR and later the USSR) and significant territorial changes on the political map, not only in Europe. Broke up the Austro-Hungarian Empire, changed the boundaries of many countries, formed a new sovereign countries: Poland, Finland, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Austria, Hungary etc. Was divided the Ottoman Empire. Expanded colonial possessions of Britain, France, Belgium, Japan (account transferred to them under the control of the League of Nations mandate territories of the former colonies of Germany and the territories of the Ottoman Empire). The second stage (after world war II), except for territorial changes on the political map of Europe, associated primarily with the collapse of the world colonial system and the formation of a large number of independent States in Asia, Africa, Oceania, and Latin America. Since the early 90-ies emit the third stage of modern history, which continues today. To qualitatively new changes on the political map of the world, which had a great impact on the socio-economic and socio-political life of the entire world community in this period include the following: — the collapse in 1991 of the USSR; — education of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS); — the implementation of mainly peaceful ("velvet") of the people's democratic revolutions of 1989-90. in Eastern Europe (former socialist countries); — unification of Arab States, the Yar and PDRY (may 1990) at the national-ethnic basis and education of the Republic of Yemen with its capital in Sana'a; — unification of the two German States (GDR and FRG) (3 October 1990); — the termination in 1991 of the activities of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (ATS) and the Council for Mutual Economic assistance (CMEA), seriously affecting the political and economic situation not only in Europe but throughout the world. — the collapse of Yugoslavia, the proclamation of political independence of the republics of Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The political crisis of the former Federation resulted in civil war and ethnic conflicts; — the continuation of the process of decolonization: the independence gained Namibia — the last colonies in Africa; formed a new sovereign state in Oceania: federated States of Micronesia, Republic of Marshall Islands, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; — the formation of two independent States — the Czech Republic and Slovakia (the dissolution of Czechoslovakia on 1 January 1993); — 1993 — the Declaration of independence of the state of Eritrea. The extent of future changes in the political map of the world will determine the further course of the ethno-cultural processes in multiethnic countries, the nature of economic, political and cultural relations between countries and peoples.

Countries that achieved independence after the Second World War

    What Countries gained independence after the Second world war?In 1945, the first self-declared its independence from the Netherlands one of the largest States in the region Indonesia. In 1949, In September 1945 on the territory of Vietnam by the rebels proclaimed an independent state, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. in 1953 he received the independence of the two other States of French Indochina, Cambodia (Kampuchea) and Laos. . At the end of the 1951 national independence from Italy made Libya. In 1952 in the struggle against the British colonialists gained independence Egypt. In 1954, independence was won by the former French colonies Morocco, Tunisia and Sudan. . In 1957, the first among the colonial countries of sub-Saharan Africa gained independence of the British Gold Coast colony Ghana. In 1958 he became a free Guinea. 1960 was called the Year of Africa . This year 17 of the colonies was proclaimed independent States: Cameroon, Togo, Senegal, Mali, Madagascar, Zaire, Somalia, Benin (Dahomey) , Niger, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Central African Empire, Congo, Gabon, Nigeria, Mauritania. In 1962, gained independence Algeria, Rwanda and Burundi. In 1963 Kenya and Zanzibar. In 1964 Malawi (new Zeland) and Zambia. In 1966 Lesotho. In 1968, Swaziland, Equatorial Guinea and Mauritius (Republic of Guinea-Bissau).The independence of colonies after the second world war.

World war II accelerated the development of the national liberation movement in Asia, Africa and Latin America, contributed to the process of disintegration of the colonial system of imperialism, which began after the great October socialist revolution. As a result of victory over Nazi Germany and militarist Japan in the historically short period of time fulfilled the aspirations of many peoples of colonial and dependent countries of the conquest of national sovereignty.

The acceleration of the collapse of colonialism in the postwar years contributed to a number of factors: the extreme aggravation of contradictions between the colonies and the mother country; the growing international influence of the success of socialist construction in the USSR; education, formation and successful development of world socialist system, its support of the national liberation movement; changing in favor of socialism, the balance of forces in the world [380] scene; the weakening of capitalism in the second world war and the deepening of its General crisis.

Conclusion

Thus, the rise of the national liberation movement during the second world war, favorable international conditions prevailing ate of the defeat of fascism, led to the fact that the colonial system of imperialism in its classical forms collapsed. The course of events confirms the conclusion of V. I. Lenin that "the movement of most of the world's population, originally aimed at national liberation, will turn against capitalism and imperialism. ". The anti-imperialist struggle of the peoples liberated from colonialism, represents an important force, which, together with the world socialist community, the international workers ' and Communist movement makes a great contribution to the revolutionary renewal of the world.

References

1.  The Environmental Justice and Environmentalism: The Social Justice Challenge to the Environmental Movement. The MIT Press. 2007. p. 29.

2. The Environmental Justice Reader: Politics, Poetics, & Pedagogy. The University of Arizona Press. 2002. p. 4.

3.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_geography#References

                                            Applications:

Figure 1. Political map of the world

                       Figure 2. Political map of the world 17 century

                       Figure 3. Political map of the world in 1900^th

                           Figure 4. Political map of the world

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