The number of employees in eight different countries
Nbsp; Learntherulesofgraph/chartdescription: - Beginwithanintroductorystatement, e.g.Thegraph/chartshows... Asyoucanseefromthegraph... - Don'ttrytodescribeeverydetail. Lookforsignificantfeatures: the greatest increase ordecrease, the shortest time period, the overall trend etc. - Thinkabouttheclearestwaytoexpressfeatures, e.g. in percentages or certain expressions. - Don'tspeculateaboutreasonsfortrends. Sticktothefacts. - Endwiththecommentongeneraltrendsandforecastforfuture (if any), e.g.Thefiguresfortheperiodsuggestthat... Fromtheevidencewecanconcludethat... Weestimatethatsaleswill.. 2GRAMMARATWORK
SPECIAL PROBLEMS
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
COMPARISONS
Here is a list of the ten most frequently used adjectives in advertising:
Clean delicious free fresh full good new special sure wonderful
ASSIGNMENT 1
· -Write the comparative and superlative form of each adjective.
· - Decide what you think the five most frequently used adjectives are.
· - Which could be used to describe - products: computer products, electric
appliances, kitchen gadgets, pet food, health, fitness and beauty products;
- services: counselling, insurance, medical services.
ASSIGNMENT 2
Read this report comparing the use of on online investment facilities in Canada and the
US. Choose the correct form in italics.
Nearly half (48%) of Canadian Internet users who have been on line for less than/thata year have
already banked online, while just 13% of American Internet newcomers have done so. Active
Internet users in Canada and the United States who have not yet banked online agreed that they
favouredmore/most traditional methods of banking and have concerns about privacy or security.
15% of active Canadian Internet users have invested online compared to 10% of American users. In
both Canada and the United States, the bigger/biggest users of online banking are aged 18 to 34.
Internet users aged 55 and older are less/the least likely to do finances over the web.
Clearly the use of online banking and investing will only increase in the future as the younger/
youngest generation, who are the more/most comfortable using the web for these purposes, ages
and moves into more/most complex financial dealings.
While are more/most likely to take their finances online, active Internet users in the United States
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are far more likely/likelier to shop online than/as Canadian Internet users, and subscribe to three
timesas/so many online newsletters than/as their Canadian counterparts. For example, more/most
American Internet users (77%) have bought a product or service online than/as Canadian Internet
users (68%). In the last year, American online shoppers have made more/most than twice as many
online buys as/than Canadians – 14 purchases compared to 6.5.
PIE CHART
ASSIGNMENT 3
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· Use the information above about spending on different types of advertising to help you complete the sentences with expressions from the box.
| a little less quite a lot more as than as three times as much far more the same amount than than as twice as much |
1 Today advertisers spend about ____on Internet advertising ____they did in 2000.
2 There is about ____spent on magazine advertising now____there was in 2000.
3 Thereis____spent on cable TV advertising____there was in 2000.
4 Advertisers now spend____on radio advertising____they did in 2000.
5 Today there is exactly____spent on outdoor advertising____there was in 2000.
6 In 2000 there was____spent on direct mail advertising____there is today.
BAR CHART
ASSIGNMENT 5
· Complete the table, as in the example, and fill in the gaps in the description of the chart with the correct adjectives and adverbs. There are several words for each gap. Consult the dictionary.
| steady - steadily drastic - drastically slight - rapid - sharp - tremendous - considerable - significant - temporary - permanent - dramatic - moderate - constant - slow - seeming - virtual - gradual - annual - apparent - approximate - relative - scarce - obvious - evident - regular - sudden - final - stubborn - prompt - marvellous - |
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Sales started high in January, and
rose____throughout the first
quarter of the year. Then there was
a____drop in April when our
Los Angeles distributors went out
of business. Sales rose____
throughout May and June, as the
US market began to recover, but
fellagain____in July when there
was a fire in our warehouse in
Mexico City. From this low point, sales rose fairly____until the end of the year, with a____
increase in December corresponding with the Christmas promotion period.
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PREFIXES
withthemeaning «NOT»
RULES:
un- is used with many different words, e.g. undeniable, unusual, unbeaten
im- isused before words beginning with m or p, e.g. impossible, immodest
il-is used before words beginning with l, e.g. illegal, illogical
ir-is only used before words beginning with r, e.g. irregular, irresponsible
dis- is used before a limited number of words , e.g. dissimilar, disproportionate
in- is used before a limited number of words , e.gincorrect, insignificant
N.B.The prefix in- does not always have a negative meaning – often it gives the idea of inside or
into, e.g. internal import, insert, income
ASSIGNMENT 6
· Make the following adjectives opposite using negative prefixes. Consult the dictionary.
In-, im-, ir-, dis-, un-
| – proportionate --relevant --permanent --possible --explainable --agreeable --efficient --disputable --frequent --elastic --steady --achievable --temporary --responsive --perceptible --considerable --vulnerable --definite --reversible --understandable --effective --satisfactory --significant --important --correct --variable --predictable --visible --numerable --accountable |
· Combine appropriate adjectives with the nouns below:
results, data, product, competition, level, profit, figures, trend, feature, numbers, information, prospects, report, survey, effect, achievement, advantages, disadvantages,
rate, situation, peak, range, position, improvement, comparison, demand, supply, outcome, losses, movements, consequences, conclusion, evidence, cause, sum ups, point, estimate, leader, gap, scores, difference, zero level, quarter, debt, changes.
· Translate the following word-combinations into English:
несущественный доход, удовлетворительные результаты, неопределенные перспективы,, неуместнoeсравнение, oчевидные потери, неощутимая paзница, непредсказуемый результат, ежегодное обозрение, мощная конкуренция, неверные данные, непревзойденный лидер, постоянный разрыв, неизменный спрос, необъяснимый нулевой уровень, необратимые последствия, непонятная причина, доминирующая тенденция, пограничные изменения, неблагоприятное воздействие, неожиданная оценка, неоспоримые достижения, суммарный нисходящий тренд, ежеквартальные показатели, временное улучшение, неисчислимые достоинства
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VERBS
TENSES
revision
RULES:
COMPARE:
Present Continuous
House prices arerising at the moment, so it's a good time to sell.
(Thefocusisonnow – it'snotimportantwhenthesituationbegan).
Present Perfect Continuous
House prices havebeenrising steadily since January – if you wait a bit longer you might get a
better price.
(The focusisonincompleteaction – whichstartedat a certainpoint in the past and maycarryon
intothefuture).
Present Perfect
House prices haverisendramatically and my flat hasdoubledin value.
(Thefocusisontheresult – theincreaseinvalue).
N.B.Present Perfect is used to talk about past events when no specific time is given.
However, if we go on to give more specific information about the subject and start
talking about a specific date, we have to use the Past Simple.
ASSIGNMENT 7
· Open the brackets and put the verbs into the correct tense form.
Devco( to announce) that they are going to buy their competitors QXT. QXT (to be) in serious
financial problems for over a year – last quarter's profits (to be) down again by 60%. In a statement released earlier today Devco's CEO, Alfonso Fuego, (to say): “We (to have) a lot of
support from QXT shareholders and I (to assure) them at the shareholders' meeting last week that
Devco (to do) everything to turn the situation around within at most six months. QXT members
(to be) so confident . In a meeting last Friday they (to reveal) that they (to be worried) about their
jobs since news of a possible takeover (to leak) to the press earlier this year.
| VERBS (COMBINATIONS) USED TO DESCRIBE TRENDS |
| to increase to fall to decline to take off to climb to slump to improve to rise to descend to jump to shoot up to dip to level off to plunge to recover to revive to revive to double to fluctuate to remain to stable to grow to progress to go down to alternate to top to worsen to deteriorate to decrease to go up to stabilize to peak to reach a high to hit a low to vary to slide to collapse to soar to enhance to maintain to stay at the same level to treble to quadruple |
ASSIGNMENT 8
· Put the verbs into the correct column in the table, as in the examples.
· Consult the dictionary.
| UPDOWNUP-DOWNNOCHANGES increase go down fluctuate remain stable |
GRAPHS AND CHARTS
TESTS
ASSIGNMENT 10
· Read the report below about a company’s sales.
· For each sentence 1 – 7choose one letter – A, Bor C.
Business at Shanghai International is breaking all records. Shanghai International is a joint venture between a British firm, whose headquarters are just outside London, and a Chinese firm based in Shanghai. The company produces paint and has benefited enormously from the development of shipbuilding in China. Last year was the best yet for the company, with total sales up by 50% in quantity and 60% in value on the previous year. Shanghai International now sells eight times more paint than when it started in 2005, and is growing faster than any other paint production operation in South-East Asia. Sales have doubled since it moved to a new factory two years ago, and the possibility of further expansion is already being discussed, with plants to build a plant in Dalian, in the north of China.
Shanghai International now provides China' s biggest shipbuilding companies with more than 50% of their paint requirements. To deal with the sharp rise in production, the company has recently built two new warehouses at the present factory site.
1 The companies which own Shanghai International are from different countries.
A Right B Wrong C Doesn't say
2 Shanghai International supplies paint to a number of different countries.
A Right B Wrong C Doesn't say
3 Last year, Shanghai International sold 60% more paint than in the year before.
A Right B Wrong C Doesn't say
4 Shanghai International moved to a new site because the old factory was too small.
A Right B Wrong C Doesn't say
5 Shanghai International is considering setting up a new operation in northern China.
A Right B Wrong C Doesn't say
6 Shanghai International supplies China's biggest shipbuilders with all the paint they need.
A Right B Wrong C Doesn't say
7 The company has added two new warehouses as a result of the increase in production.
A Right B Wrong C Doesn't say
· For each sentence below the charts choose one letter A – H.
· Do not use any letter more than once.
The number of employees in eight different countries
Over a three – year period
1The number of employees rose in 2006 and then returned to the 2005 level.
2 The number of employees remained constant throughout the period.
3 The number of employees decreased gradually over the three years.
4 The number of employees increased slightly in 2006 and then remained steady.
5 The number of employees rose steadily each year.
ASSIGNMENT 13
· Match sentences 1 – 8 to those with similar meanings a – h . Which two phrases are odd?
1The book value of our assets has jumped. aOur turnover almost doubled.
2 Production costs fluctuateover the year. bThe value of our buildings and
equipmenthas climbed.
3 Last year our billings rose by 45%. c Our overheads should level off.
4 Liquidity will dip if payments are late. d Our operating costs are dropping.
5 Liabilitiesreach a high when business is e Cash flow will deteriorate if we allow
slow in August. customers more credit.
6 In 2009 our stock slid to a record low. f Our debt peaks at the end of summer.
7 Variable costs arefalling. gOur shares slumped during the crash.
8 We expect fixed costs to stabilize. hCost of sales varies from month to month.
ASSIGNMENT 14
· Translate into English:
значительно превосходить, существенный спад, постоянно колебаться, незначительное ухудшение, стремительно достигать высшей точки, регулярно бить рекорд, скромное сокращение, постепенно снижаться, заканчивать резким скачком, в конечном счете отыграть результаты, быть намного ниже показателей, медленно расти, заметнoe снижение, незаметно выравниваться, приближаться к результату, неизменно занимать первое место, драматичный провал, плохо начать, редко превышать уровень, медленно зарабатывать очки, очевидное восстановление, внезапное обрушение, переживать возрождение, упорно сохранять лидирующую позицию
3 WORDS AT WORK
PREPOSITIONS
ASSIGNMENT 16
· Study the following text and work out the meaning of the prepositions of, to, by, atfrom the context they are used in.
College Costs Reach as High as $ 75.000
The cost of a college is continuing to climb far more rapidly than inflation according to a new
College Board survey. At some of the nation's most prestigious private colleges and universities,
the survey indicates, the total four-year cost of a bachelor's degree has reached $ 75.000.
According to new College Board, data tuition and required fees will rise an average of 6 percent at four-year public colleges and two-year private schools, and by5 percent at two-year community colleges, where tuitions are relatively low.
The nation's most expensive undergraduate institution is Bennington College, a fine arts school in Southern Vermont, whose total annual cost is estimated at $ 19.400. Other prestigious schools, including the University of Chicago and most Ivy League schools are charging more than $12.000 in tuition this fall, and estimate their total costs at $18.000 to $19.000.
BAR CHART
ASSIGNMENT 17
· Study the charts and choose the correct label a, b or c for each of them.
ASSIGNMENT 18
· Choose the correct preposition for the following sentences:
1 The sales figures of the product fluctuated at/around/by 25 points.
2 The unemployment rate fell gradually about/near/to just under 1000.000.
3 There was a steady downward trend during the next year finishing up by/at/on zero level.
4 Next year the scores revived till/to/near 55 points.
5 Thecompany ended the season with the results reaching the lowest point by/at/of 5 points.
6 There was a rapid fall to/of/on 4000 kg, but then the product recovered at/to/up 7000 kg.
7 Purchases of the product hit their low on/in/at around $1000.
8 The rate alternated near the average level till May and then there was a sharp take off to/at/under
6.5 percent.
9. During the season the points were varying in the range on/of/in 5 till/by/to 15 pt.(points).
10.The best results in/over/at 30 pt. were shown by the rival business.
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
RULES:
| TO ADD A SIMILAR, EQUAL IDEA |
| also besides furthermore Community colleges offer preparations for many occupations: also/ besides/ in addition furthermore/in addition/moreover, they prepare students to a four-year moreovercollege or university. as well Community colleges offer preparation for many occupations; they prepare students to transfer to a four-year college or university as well. too Community colleges offer preparation for many occupations; they prepare students to transfer to a four-year college or university, too. |
| TO ADD AN UNEXPECTED OR SURPRISING CONTINUATION |
| however nevertheless The cost of attending a community college is low, however/nevertheless/ nonetheless nonetheless/still many students need financial aid. still |
| TO ADD A COMPLETE CONTRAST |
| on the other hand Tuition at a community college is low; on the other hand/in contrast/while/ in contrast whereas tuition at schools is high. Whereas while/whilst |
| TO GIVE AN ALTERNATIVE POSSIBILITY |
| otherwise Students must take final exams; otherwise, they will receive a grade of incomplete . |
| TO ADD AN EXPECTED RESULT |
| Accordingly as a result consequently Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; accordingly/ hence as a result/consequently/hence/therefore/thus, most schools provide thereforeseparate English classes for each group. thus |
| TO ADD AN EXAMPLE |
| for example Most colleges now have a writing requirement for graduation; for instance for example/for instance, students at my college must pass a writing test before they register for their final semester. |
ASSIGNMENT 21
· Fill in the gaps with the appropriate adverbs. Several variants are possible.
1 Nowadays a lot of companies need to export,_____they are discovering the advantages of credit
insurance.
2 _____, it means that in Asia they can trade with no need for letters of credit.
3 _____, _____ there are many reasons for satisfaction with the company' position, there are also
a number of weaknesses which must be considered.
4 _____ this graph shows, our development costs have risen steadily,_____market prices are
falling.
5 A policy of tighter financial control has seen an increase of financial staff,_____the number of
employees has been reduced.
6 The report mentions a number of different products – cigars, yoghurt and jeans_____.
7 Over the last 25 years the company has expanded rapidly, _____now it has outlets throughout
the world.
8 In the last five years,_____, the company has met strong competition from other chain stores.
9 It doesn't offer quality products, high standards and effective service,_____.
10 They are not producing quality goods. _____we are having to reject a large number of finished
products.
11 The manager failed to give the clients relevant information and,_____, wasted their time.
12 The company' new reward system should encourage good workers,_____, there will be fights
between unions and management.
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