Features of Romanesque Architecture
The term 'Romanesque' is sometimes used to cover all immediate derivations of Roman architecture in the West, following the collapse of Rome until the flowering of the Gothic style in about 1200.
Although they relied on several design features from Greek and Roman Antiquity, Romanesque architects had neither the imagination of the Greeks, nor the engineering ability of the Romans. For example, Roman building techniques in brick and stone were largely lost in most parts of Europe. In general, the style employed thick walls, round arches, piers, columnsgroin vaults, narrow slit-windows, large towers and decorative arcading. The basic load of the building was carried not its arches or columns but by its massive walls. And its roofs, vaults and buttresses were relatively primitive in comparison with later styles. Interiors were heavy with stone, had dim lighting and - compared with later Gothic styles - simple unadorned lines. Romanesque churches tended to follow a clearly defined form, and are recognizable throughout Europe. Only rarely did one see traces of Byzantine or Eastern influence, except along trade routes. A notable example is the domed St Mark's Basilica in Venice.
The Gothic Cathedral - A Mini-Universe
The term 'Gothic' denotes a style of architecture and art that superceded Romanesque, from the mid-12th century to the mid-15th century. In keeping with the new and more confident philosophy of the age, the Gothic cathedral was seen by architects and churchmen as representing the universe in miniature. Each element of the building's design was intended to convey a theological message: the awesome glory of God. Thus the logical and ordered nature of the structure reflected the clarity and rationality of God's universe, while the sculptures, stained glass windows and murals illustrated the moral messages of the Bible.
Features of Renaissance Architecture
The new Renaissance style of architecture was catalyzed by the rediscovery of architectural styles and theories of Ancient Rome. The first depictions of this Classical architecture emerged in Italy during the early 15th century. Put simply, Renaissance buildings were modelled on the classical architecture of the Greeks and Romans, but retained modern features of Byzantine and Gothic invention, such as complex domes and towers.
Key Features of the Baroque Style
Think of Baroque as a more complex, more detailed, more elaborate, more ornamented form of Renaissance architecture. More complex manipulation of light, colour, texture and perspective.
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Features of Neoclassicism Proper (1750-1850)
A timely support for ancien regimes throughout Europe, from St Petersburg to Vienna, and a model for youthful empires-to-come like the United States of America, Neoclassical art was yet another return to the Classical Orders of Greek and Roman Antiquity. Although, as in the Renaissance, the style retained all the engineering advances and new materials of the modern era. It was characterized by monumental structures, supported or decorated by columns of Doric, Ionic or Corinthian pillars, and topped with classical Renaissance domes.
Russian Neoclassicism
Rastrelli's Baroque style Russian buildings, like the Winter Palace (1754-62), did not find favour with Catherine the Great (1762-1850), who preferred Neoclassical designs. As a result, she summoned the Scottish architect Charles Cameron, who built the Pavlovsk Palace (1782-86) near St Petersburg, the Razumovsky Palace in the Ukraine (1802) and the Alexander Palace outside St Petersburg (1812). Other important neoclassical architects for the Russian Czars included: Vincenzo Brenna (Cameron's pupil), Giacomo Quarenghi and Matvey Fyodorovich Kazakov.
Vocabulary
City structure
1. The center of the city/ the historical center of the city/downtown (I live downtown)
2. Inner city (Am)
3. The suburbs/the outskirts
4. Residential areas/upmarket areas
5. Industrial areas/run-down districts
6. To be located in an upmarket area with many high-end boutiques
7. To live in a nice neighborhood with many restaurants and cafes
8. To be situated in close proximity to shopping centers and recreational facilities
Facilities/amenities
9. Health facilities: hospitals and clinics
10. Entertainment and recreational facilities: cinemas, theaters, children's playgrounds
11. Cultural facilities: arts centers, museums, galleries
12. Sports facilities: gyms, swimming pools, golf courses, tennis courts
13.Cities with easy access to cultural, sport, recreational, shopping, and green space amenities
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Characteristics
14. Green/ clean/ with a lot of public green space such as parks and gardens
15. Pollution-free and carbon neutral
16. People-friendly
17. With a low crime rate
18. Not plagued by traffic congestion
19. Offering many opportunities
20. Heavily industrialized
21. Falling into urban decay
Buildings
22. Blocks of flats/terraced houses/detached houses/sky-scrapers
23. Five-storey buildings/fifth floor
24. Three-bedroom apartment/flat
25. With rooms/windows overlooking the park/with a nice view on the river
26. Concrete-and-glass/brick/wooden or log houses
27. Old-fashioned/ historical/ modern buildings
28. Historical buildings with beautiful façades, columns, pillars and sculptures dating back to the 19th century
29. Architectural styles (architects): Classical, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Modern, Contemporary
30.Buildings: made of wood, stone, limestone, brick, glass and concrete
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