Lecture 6: Mongolian invasions
The objective of the lecture: To show the foundation of Mongolian empire. Shingizkhan’s activity. Invasions to the territory of Kazakhstan and struggle of Turkic people against these invasions. Economic, political and cultural consequences of invasions.
Outline of the lecture:
1. Foundation of Mongolian empire.
2. Invasions to Kazakhstan.
3. Consequences of invasions.
Foundation of Mongolian empire. In the half of the XII c. Mongol tribes directed to the west from Orkhon and Kerulen. Mongols placed on the territory from Baikal, banks of Enisey and Irtysh on the north to the desert Gobi.
In the end of the XII c. Mongol tribes disintegrated and classes formed. Rulers of tribes captured lands, pastures, slaves. Endless wars between Mongols and Turkic tribes – Mongols, Kereits, Naimans, Tatars, Kongrats and others finished at the beginning of the XIII c. when Mongol empire was founded, which was headed by Shingiz-khan.
Temuchin was born in 1155 (1162) in the family of the famous representative Mongol nobility – Yesugey – Bagatur. He lost his father in the childhood (when he was 9 years old). But the Heaven’s way unknown. He organized a group of confident fellows and became as brave man due to lucky campaigns. He was one of the powerful leaders in Central Asian steppes.
In 1206 Mongol Nobels proclaimed him a main ruler – Shingiz-khan.
Mongol state was formed on the principles of military-administrative organization. Territory and population were divided in three military-administrative okrugs: Barun gar, Jun gar and Kul. Each okrug consist of Tumens (10 thousand), each thousand – of 10 hundreds. Lowest unit is “ten”- when the group of nomadic tribes was obliged to give 10 warriors.
Conquest of Mongols in the beginning of XIII c. In the 1211 Shingiz-khan conquered the Northern China with the capital of Beiping (Peking). Mongols recognized military technology machines and brought it to Mongolia and it improved military power of army. Shingiz-khan had all information about the state, which he wanted to conquer, which received from traitors, from Muslim merchants.
Naimans and Mongol-speaking tribe – Merkits were defeated in 1208 on the Yrtysh bank. Naimans, who saved moved with their khan Kushluk to Zhetysu (Karakitay’s land) and Merkits to Kypshaks into the steppe of Central Kazakhstan.
In 1219-1221 Shingiz-khan invaded Khorezm. Khorezm-shakh sent two missions to Mongolia. Shingiz-khan sent a trade caravan to Khorezm-shakh. The caravan arrived to Otrar in summer 1218. The governor of Otrar Kypchak Gair-khan Inalchik suspected merchants in espionage and ordered to kill them and plundered the caravan. This incident became a reason of Shingiz-khan’s war against Khorezm. Shingiz-khan moved from Irtysh to SyrDarya – across Zhetysu.
On the coming to Otrar, Shingiz-khan sent for its seizure troops under the command of his sons – Shagatai and Ugedei, Jushi was sent to the lower Syrdarya. From 20000-50000 warriors headed by Gair-khan defended Otrar during five months. The number of troops gathered by Shingiz-khan is unknown, but there were, probably, about 150000 warriors including allies – the Karluks of Zhetysu and Uigurs of Eastern Turkestan. The town was taken and Gair-khan executed by Shingiz-khan (melted silver was poured in his eyes and ears).
In the similar heroic way defended themselves citizens of other Syrdarya towns – Sygnak, Ashnaz and others. In 1221 Jushi-khan moved into the steppe of Kazakhstan to the north-east of the Aral Sea. Having met the resistance of the Kypchaks, he defeated them utterly in a bloody battle.
In the spring of 1221 Middle Asia and Kazakhstan were conquered by Mongols. In 1223 troops of Jebe and Subedey destroyed Alans, Kypchaks and Russians near the river Kalka and through the Kazakhstan returned to Horde of Shingiz-khan.
So, after Mongolian invasions in 1219-1221 Kazakhstan became a part of the great Mongolian empire.
Lecture 7: Disintegration of Mongolian state and Foundation of new states
The objective of the lecture: Peculiarities of new sates, which were founded after disintegration of Mongolian empire.
Outline of the lecture:
1. Ak-Horde
2. Khanate of Abulkhair
3. Nogai Horde
Ak-Horde
New state Ak-Horde was founded on the territory of Eastern Dashti-Kypshak in the XIII – in the beginning of XV cc. (1300-1425).
Orda-Ejen one of the sons of Jushi received the eastern part of Jushi’s ulus. At first, Ak-Horde occupied the territory of north-eastern Zhetisu, banks of Irtysh, steppe of Ulutau and Karatau.
Between Jaik, Irgiz, Tobol and Sarysu and lowest part of Syrdarya was established Ulus of another son of Jushi – Shaiban.
In the middle of XIII c. the capital of Ak-Horde was situated near the lake Alakol. In the XIV c. the power of the sons of Orda-Ejen spread on Ulus of Shaiban and all territory of Kazakhstan, expect Zhetisu, submitted to Orda-Ejen’s son, only Zhetisu was under the power of Shagataids. Political center of Ak-Horde displaced to the south of Kazakhstan and Sygnak became the capital of Ak-Horde. Ak-Horde was inhabited by turkic-speaking tribes. Some of them were local tribes; some of them came after Shingiskhan’s invasion from eastern regions. So, kypchaks, naimans, uisuns, argyns, karluks, kereits, kanglys, mangyts and others lived on the territory of Ak-Horde.
Social-political arrangement of Ak-Horde: The political history of Ak-Horde we can divide into three parts:
1. Ak-Horde fought for liberation of Eastern Dashti-Kypshak from Golden Horde.
2. Khans of Ak-Horde interfered in internal affairs of Golden-Horde.
3. Struggle against aggression of Mavrenakhr’s governor – Timur and Timurides.
Ak-Horde received full independence from Golden Horde when khans Erzen and Mubarak ruled. Development of Ak-Horde begun in the ruling of Urus khan in 60-70-s of XIV c. In the first quarter of XV c. Ak-Horde was divided into two parts: on the west Nogai Horde was founded, Nomadic Uzbek Khanate on the East.
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