Практический курс перевода
ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ КУРС ПЕРЕВОДА
ЗАНЯТИЕ 5
Антонимический перевод
Антонимический перевод представляет собой комплексную лексико-грамматическую замену, которая заключается в трансформации конструкции, содержащей отрицание, в конструкцию, которая не содержит отрицания, или наоборот, происходит замена утвердительной конструкции отрицательной. Антонимический перевод позволяет переводчику создать более естественную лексико-грамматическую структуру на языке перевода в тех случаях, когда данная форма приходит в противоречие с правилами лексической сочетаемости. Например:
His reputation is not undeserved, — Он заслужил свою репутацию.
It became clear that Patrick meant business and that he was not without support. — Стало ясно, что Патрик взялся за дело всерьез и у него была поддержка.
The bullet just missed him. — Пуля чуть не задела его.
Remember to post the letter. — He забудь отправить письмо.
В английском языке существует ряд лексических единиц и грамматических структур, при переводе которых прием антонимического перевода является наиболее приемлемым, например, герундий с предлогом without в функции обстоятельства образа действия, конструкция с наречием hardly в позиции перед глаголом и некоторые другие.
Не left without saying a word. — Он ушел, не сказав ни слова.
She fell down and nearly broke her leg. — Она упала и чуть не сломала ногу.
Типичным случаем применения антонимического перевода является перевод на русский язык предложений со структурой not... until/till.
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Marlene stipulated that the book should not be published until after her death.
Марлен поставила условие, что книга будет опубликована только после ее смерти.
В ряде случаев использование приема антонимического перевода не является обязательным и выбор варианта перевода остается за переводчиком. Например:
Не didn't say anything. — 1. Он промолчал. 2. Он ничего не сказал.
Обратите внимание на следующие регулярные соответствия:
Keep off the grass. — По газонам не ходить.
Keep in touch. — Не пропадай. Звони.
Hold on. — Не вешай трубку.
I had to come. — Я не мог не прийти.
Could you tell me the time, please? — Вы не знаете, который час?
ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ КУРС ПЕРЕВОДА
ЗАНЯТИЕ 5
Антонимический перевод
Практические задания
1. Переведите предложения, содержащие отрицание, используя прием антонимического перевода.
1. Не suffered from anorexia an eating disorder, which is rare in young men but not unknown. 2. The lieutenant was known as a stickler for discipline and a bit pompous with it; but he was not an unpopular officer. 3. His appearance was never less than dignified. He was tall with a face of surprising ascetism. 4. He was not unenthusiastic about science and technology. 5. They were not unhelpful but seemed to take it axiomatic that he was stupid and idle. 6. I remember when Sarah was no more than a schoolgirl she could swim across the lake. 7. He took the cake to the bird table, not without an uneasy glance back to see if anyone was watching him. 8. Young women are not invulnerable, but heart disease typically strikes women in their late 50s or 60s. That's about ten years later than it does men. 9. Dealing with football fans required different methods. But it cannot be impossible to devise ways of dealing with them. 10. Exhausted though I was, I had never felt less like sleep in my life. 11. Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon. 12. "See here, Jonathan," said is father, not unkindly. "Winter isn't far away". 13. England is talking of nothing else but the forthcoming big fight tonight at Burlington house. 14. He was coming to the meeting with few expectations but he was not coming totally unprepared. 15. This place looked like a show flat, carefully furnished to attract a purchaser. But it would be a rich purchaser; nothing in this apartment had been inexpensive. 16. Everyone was sorry for Mabel and could not do enough to make up for the unjust suspicions they had had. 17. She didn't dislike the village. But for twenty-seven years the centre of her life had been elsewhere. 18. She doesn't always let people know what her real feelings are. 19. Anyone looking around the tasteful and expensive decor of her flat would have guessed that Miss Baker was a young woman of not unsubstantial means. 20. It's not uncommon for me to be called in to operate on an emergency.
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2. Переведите предложения с конструкцией not... until/till, используя прием антонимического перевода.
1. Science fiction as a genre did not exist until 1926 when Hugo Gernback started Amazing Stories as a monthly magazine. 2. It was not: until she was out in the corridor that it occurred to Ellie that he was probably looking for the diary. 3. The teacher didn't know the boy was homeless until a reporter asked her for an interview. 4. It wasn't until he joined the Air Force in 1985, that his life began to deteriorate. 5. I didn't think about what she'd said to me until years later, after I moved to New York. 6. It was not until 1930 that an American scientist won a Nobel Prize in medicine. 7. You've Got Mail was the first time Meg Ryan and Tom Hanks worked together. In Sleepless in Seattle their characters didn't meet until the last scene. 8. Electric washing machines didn't take off until the 1960s. 9. It wasn't until the early 1990s that phones with moving pictures became a practical reality, the key development being digital image processing. 10. It wasn't until he died and his son came on from New Jersey for the funeral that I found out he had never been in the Far West in his life. He had been born in Brooklyn. 11. It is often not until conflicts have escalated enough to dominate the evening news that countries are seriously ready to provide funds, people, peacekeepers and humanitarian assistance. 12. I did not meet Matty until after lunch when I joined the infant class.
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3. Переведите предложения, используя прием антонимического перевода.
1. Our bus just missed a car in the thick fog. 2. It seems they are in danger of missing the point. 3. The potato crop has failed this year. 4. He failed in his second attempt to pass a driving test. 5. Rules prevent any college athlete from accepting money. 6. He could hardly wait to tell them his good news. 7. He withdrew into his own little sitting room all the time and hardly ever came out. 8. There was a macaroni cheese on the kitchen table but hardly anyone was eating. 9. Feel free to do whatever you need here, but please remember to lock up when you leave. 10. His father hardly said anything at all. 11. Sometimes I don't think she knows who I am and what position I hold at County Hall. 12. She hardly ever saw her daughter, couldn't she stay in Dublin for another day? 13. I fail to understand how people can fail to be moved by art. 14. It is tomorrow that I see her and I can hardly wait to watch the hours go by. 15. I confirm that I am ignorant of Rachel's current whereabouts. 16. Some analysts believe that the ECB (European Central Bank) is reluctant to take new members. 17. All the countries but Poland miss the test for low inflation by a mile. This could prove a barrier to euro entry. 18. All that time he was a little reluctant to join one of the city's prestigious bridge clubs. 19. She's looking a bit off colour this morning. 20. The local firms failed to take advantage of the situation. 21. Because the Baltic countries fail the inflation criterion, the chances of their joining soon are slim. 22. It did not matter that he failed to influence the outcome. 23. If you see anyone hanging about the bus stop without catching a bus, let me know, will you? 24. Twice during the week he picked up the phone to call her, and twice he put it down without dialing.
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4. Переведите тексты.
Текст 1
Vancouver
Vancouver is my favourite city — clean, attractive, thoroughly modern, with a stunning location on an inlet where the Fraser River meets the Pacific Ocean. The combination of high-rise architecture and views across the water to the mountains (which rise to 1,723 m) is hard to beat. Very few cities have a more dramatic position.
Vancouver's rapid growth in the last few decades is. of course, no different from that of many other cities. It now surely ranks as one of the world's great cities and indeed, situation apart, its modern cityscape could almost be anywhere on the globe.
So, are all modern cities the same? Are there no geographical variations? Has globalization produced a series of city-clones, each indistinguishable from the next? Let's think about how Vancouver has developed during its relatively brief history, and how its place in the world has involved.
People have been living along this part of the coast for 10,000 years. In the past they lived off the ocean and the land, both abundant in natural resources, especially in salmon. It is easy to forget this element of Vancouver's history, but today, native influence permeates the city and is one part of its appeal.
Текст 2
A Shortage of Sirs
Trying to teach quadratic equations to a bunch of unruly teenagers is hardly the cushiest of jobs. So as unemployment continues to fall, it is not surprising that teacher-training colleges are finding it hard to recruit prospective maths teachers. But there are growing worries that the supply of teachers may be dwindling just as the number of school-age children is growing.
The government asked teacher-training colleges in England and Wales to recruit about 2,000 people to train as maths teachers this autumn. John Howson of Brookes University in Oxford, who has just been appointed as the government's adviser on the supply of teachers, reckons they will end up with only 1,500, a shortfall of 25 per cent. He also predicts shortfalls in other secondary-school subjects: 15 per cent in science and 10 per cent in languages. So far, though, there is no lack of people wanting to become primary-school teachers or to teach history or games.
Teaching is not the best-paid job, especially for those with degrees in maths and science. But it is not badly paid either. Between 1980 and 1992, teachers' pay grew faster than that of nurses, hospital doctors, police officers and most other non-manual workers, although their pay has been squeezed slightly since. Mary Russell, secretary of the Universities Council for the Education of Teachers, says that it is not starting salaries (at least £12,400 a year) nor the pay of head teachers (up to £55,600 a year) that pose the problem: it is a lack of mid-level jobs which discourages people from joining and staying in the profession.
Текст 3
Sleep Tight
President Clinton gets by on five or six hours of it a night, Rolling Stones Keith Richards is said to have gone for 13 days without any, and ex-Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher made do with just four hours a night. Albert Einstein, on the other hand, insisted on a full 10 hours. For most of us, however, seven to eight hours sleep each night is about right.
Recent research conducted by Professor James Maas of Cornell University, New York, suggests that we live in a society suffering from chronic sleep deprivation, with the majority of us getting 60 to 90 minutes less sleep each night than we need.
Sleep is vital to health and wellbeing. A good night's sleep keeps our immune system strong, to fight against illness, so if you think you're not getting enough, try following these tips from The Sleep Council to help you get a better night's sleep.
Keep regular hours. Going to bed and getting up in the morning at the same time every day will help your body programme itself to sleep better.
Create a restful environment for sleep. Make sure your bedroom is not too hot or too cold and is as quiet and dark as possible.
Relax in the hours before going to bed. A good way to do this may be to read a good book or magazine or listen to some restful music in a nice warm bath. Watching television may seem like a good way to relax, but it can act as a stimulant on the brain and sleep may not come easily if you get into the habit of switching off just before nodding off.
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