Evolution of relations
NATO-Russia relations formally began in 1991, when Russia joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (renamed the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council in 1997), a forum created to foster transparency and dialogue with the countries after the end of the Cold War. Russia joined the Partnership for Peace in 1994, paving the way for more practical cooperation and, in 1996, Russia deployed a major contingent to the NATO-led peacekeeping force in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The 1997 NATO-Russia Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security provided the formal basis for NATO-Russia relations and led to the development of a bilateral programme of consultation and cooperation under the Permanent Joint Council (PJC). However, lingering Cold War prejudices prevented the PJC from achieving its potential. Differences over the Kosovo air campaign also impacted on relations. However, Russia played a notable diplomatic role in resolving the Kosovo crisis and deployed peacekeepers to support the Kosovo Force in June 1999. From 1999, NATO-Russia relations began to improve significantly.
In 2002, the relationship was given new impetus and substance with the establishment of the NATO-Russia Council. The decision to establish the NRC was taken in the wake of the September 2001 terrorist attacks, which reinforced the need for coordinated action to respond to common threats. It demonstrated the shared resolve of NATO member states and Russia to work more closely together towards the common goal of building a lasting and inclusive peace in the Euro-Atlantic Area – a goal which was first expressed in the 1997 NATO-Russia Founding Act.
Following Russia’s disproportionate military action in Georgia in early August 2008, the Alliance suspended formal meetings of the NRC and cooperation in some areas, while it considered the implications of Russia’s actions for the NATO-Russia relationship.
A decision to resume formal meetings and practical cooperation was taken in 2009 and the first formal ministerial-level meeting of the NRC since the Georgia crisis took place in December 2009. Ministers agreed to improve the working methods of the NRC itself, to make it more result-oriented and politically relevant, and to launch a Joint Review of 21st Century Common Security Challenges.
The Joint Review was endorsed by NRC leaders at the Lisbon Summit in November 2010, where they also agreed on practical cooperation to address some of the security challenges identified. Moreover, they agreed to discuss pursuing broader missile defence cooperation.
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Milestones
1991 Russia joins the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (later renamed the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council), created as a forum for consultation with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe following the end of the Cold War; the Soviet Union actually dissolves during the inaugural meeting of this body
1994 Russia joins the Partnership for Peace (PfP).
1996 Russian soldiers deploy as part of the NATO-led peacekeeping force in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Memorandum of understanding on civil emergency cooperation is signed.
1997 At a summit in Paris, Russian and Allied leaders sign the NATO-Russia Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security and establish the Permanent Joint Council (PJC)
1998 Russia establishes a diplomatic mission to NATO.
Memorandum of understanding on scientific and technological cooperation is signed.
1999 Russia suspends participation in the PJC for a few months because of NATO’s Kosovo air campaign.
Russian peacekeepers deploy as part of the NATO-led peacekeeping force in Kosovo.
2000 Vladimir Putin becomes President of Russia and says he will work to rebuild relations with NATO in a “spirit of pragmatism".
Broader cooperation in the PJC resumes, following a meeting of NATO and Russian foreign ministers in Florence.
The nuclear submarine Kursk sinks, highlighting the need for cooperation between NATO and Russia.
2001 The NATO Information Office opens in Moscow.
President Putin is the first world leader to call the US President after the September 11 terrorist attacks, which underscore the need for concerted international action to address terrorism and other new security threats. Russia opens its airspace to the international coalition’s campaign in Afghanistan and shares relevant intelligence.
2002 First high-level conference on the role of the military in combating terrorism is held in Rome.
NATO opens a Military Liaison Mission in Moscow.
At a summit in Rome, Russian and Allied leaders sign a declaration on “NATO-Russia Relations: A New Quality” and establish the NATO-Russia Council (NRC) to replace the PJC.
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A joint NATO-Russia Resettlement Centre opens to help discharged Russian military personnel return to civilian life.
Russia hosts a multinational disaster-response exercise in Noginsk.
Second high-level conference on the role of the military in combating terrorism is held in Moscow
2003 NATO and Russia sign an agreement on submarine-crew rescue.
An NRC meeting is held in Moscow for the first time.
Russian troops withdraw from the NATO-led peacekeeping forces in the Balkans.
2004 The NATO Secretary General tries out a new hotline to the Russian defence minister
The first NRC theatre missile defence command post exercise takes place in Colorado Springs, United States.
Agreements establish Russian military liaison offices to NATO’s strategic command headquarters
Russia hosts a multinational disaster-response exercise in Kaliningrad.
At an NRC meeting of foreign ministers in Istanbul, Russia offers to contribute a ship to NATO’s maritime counter-terrorist operation in the Mediterranean, Operation Active Endeavour.
Observers from NRC countries are invited to observe a Russian nuclear-weapons-accident-response field exercise near Murmansk.
The first NATO interoperability courses are held in Moscow military academies.
In the wake of several terrorist attacks in Russia, NRC foreign ministers approve a comprehensive NRC Action Plan on Terrorism.
NATO and Russia exchange letters, agreeing procedures to prepare the way for Russia’s support for Operation Active Endeavour.
NRC foreign ministers issue a common statement concerning the conduct of the Ukrainian presidential elections.
2005 The second NRC theatre missile defence command post exercise takes place in the Netherlands.
Russia signs the PfP Status of Forces Agreement.
NRC defence ministers endorse a “Political-Military Guidance” aimed at developing, over time, interoperability between Russian and Allied forces at the strategic, operational and tactical command levels.
Russia takes part in a major NATO search-and-rescue-at sea exercise, Sorbet Royal.
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A UK team helps rescue Russian sailors trapped in a submarine off the Kamchatka shore.
Observers from NRC countries are invited to observe a UK nuclear-weapons-response field exercise in Edinburgh.
Russian teachers and instructors from the General Staff Academy give the first interoperability courses at the NATO School in Oberammergau.
The NRC launches a pilot project on counter-narcotics training for Afghan and Central Asian personnel.
2006 NRC foreign ministers meeting in Sofia agree a set of priorities and recommendations to guide the NRC’s future work.
Observers from NRC countries are invited to observe a US nuclear-weapons-response field exercise in Wyoming.
The third NRC theatre missile defence command post exercise takes place in Moscow.
An NRC civil emergency exercise takes place in Montelibretti, Italy.
The first Russian frigate deploys to the Mediterranean to support Operation Active Endeavour.
2007 Observers from NRC countries are invited to observe a French nuclear-weapons-response field exercise.
Russian parliament ratifies the PfP Status of Forces Agreement.
10th anniversary of the Founding Act and 5th anniversary of the NRC.
A second Russian frigate deploys in active support of Operation Active Endeavour.
2008 A computer-assisted exercise takes place in Germany under the NRC theatre missile defence project.
In support of the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) operation in Afghanistan, Russia offers transit to ISAF contributors.
Russia takes part in a major NATO search-and-rescue-at sea exercise, Bold Monarch.
Following Russia’s disproportionate military action in Georgia in early August 2008, formal meetings of the NRC and cooperation in some areas are suspended. Cooperation continues in key areas of common interest, such as counter-narcotics and the fight against terrorism.
NATO foreign ministers, meeting in December, agree to pursue a phased and measured approach to re-engagement with Russia.
2009 NATO foreign ministers, meeting in March, decide to resume formal meetings and practical cooperation under the NRC.
In December, at the first formal NRC ministerial since the Georgia crisis, foreign ministers take steps to reinvigorate NRC cooperation and agree to launch a Joint Review of 21st Century Common Security Challenges.
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2010 In June, the NRC meets for the first time in a political advisory format in Rome for a two-day informal, off-the-record exchange of views on how to make the NRC a more substance-based forum.
In July, Chairman of the NATO Military Committee, Admiral Giampaolo Di Paola, visits Moscow to discuss the implementation of NRC military-to-military cooperation with the Chief of the General Staff of the Russian Federation Armed Forces, Army General Nikolay Makarov, and his staff.
In September, the NRC foreign ministers meet in New York to chart the way forward in relations and cooperation.
In early November, NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen visits Russia for meetings with President Dmitry Medvedev and Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov to prepare for the upcoming NRC summit meeting in Lisbon.
At the Lisbon Summit, NRC leaders pledge to “work towards achieving a true strategic and modernized partnership”. They endorse a Joint Review of 21st Century Common Security Challenges and agree to resume cooperation in the area of theatre missile defence as well as to develop a comprehensive joint analysis of the future framework for broader missile defence cooperation. They also agree on a number of initiatives to assist in the stabilization of Afghanistan and the wider region.
2011 In April, NRC foreign ministers meet in Berlin to discuss the situation in Libya and Afghanistan, as well as ongoing work on outlining the future framework for missile defence cooperation between Russia and NATO. They launch the NRC Helicopter Maintenance Trust Fund to support the Afghan security forces’ helicopter fleet, and also approve an updated NRC Action Plan on Terrorism.
In May, a NATO-Russia Council Consolidated Glossary of Cooperation (NRC-CGC) is launched, containing over 7000 agreed terms in Russian and English and covers almost all key areas of NATO-Russia political and military cooperation.
In June, for the first time in three years, the NRC defence ministers meet in Brussels to discuss a broad range of defence issues; a Russian submarine takes active part in NATO exercise ''Bold Monarch 2011''; joint exercise “Vigilant Skies 2011” demonstrates the operational readiness of the NRC Cooperative Airspace Initiative (CAI); an NRC conference on the protection of critical infrastructure takes place in Turkey; NATO and Russia participate in a table top exercise dealing with a nuclear weapon incident scenario.
In July, the NRC meets in Sochi, Russia, at the invitation of the Russian authorities, and also meets Russian President Medvedev. NRC ambassadors restate their commitment to pursuing cooperation on missile defence as well as cooperation in other security areas of common interest.
In October, a seminar on national nuclear doctrines and strategies takes place in Germany.
In December, NRC foreign ministers meet in Brussels to discuss international security issues and NRC practical cooperation, including on Afghanistan, counter piracy and counter-terrorism. They approve the NRC Work Programme 2012 and announce that the Cooperative Airspace Initiative is ready to initiate operations.
2012 In January, General Nikolai Makarov, the Russian Chief of General Staff, visits Allied Command Operations in Mons, Belgium.
In March, the fifth theatre missile defence (TMD) computer assisted exercise is conducted Germany; a first civilian-military NRC counter-terrorism table top exercise is organized at NATO Headquarters.
In April, the first training course for Afghan Air Force helicopter-maintenance staff gets underway in Novosibirsk under the NRC Helicopter Maintenance Trust Fund Project; NRC foreign ministers meet in Brussels to discuss NRC practical cooperation.
In May, NATO Deputy Secretary General Ambassador Alexander Vershbow attends a conference on missile defence organised by Russia’s Ministry of Defence.
Russia sends special representative to participate in the expanded ISAF meeting at the Chicago Summit.
May marks the 15th anniversary of the Founding Act and 10th anniversary of the NRC.
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