Petroleum Formation
Lesson 1
Petroleum Formation
Words to remember
- petroleum – нефть
- oil – нефть, масло
- debris – остатки, осколки породы
- to accumulate – накапливать
- estuary – место, доступное для приливов
- to bury – хоронить
- to decompose – распадаться, разлагаться
- to reduce – уменьшать
- condition – условие
- to decay – разлагаться
- to cause – вызывать, быть причиной
- source – источник
- rock – порода
- formation – пласт
- to detect – обнаруживать
- seepage – просачивание, проявление, утечка
- stratum (strata) – пласт (пласты)
- to occur – находиться, встречаться, происходить
- density – плотность
- to compose – составлять
I. Read and translate the text
Petroleum Formation
Petroleum, oil, is generally considered to be formed from animal and vegetable debris accumulating in the sea basins and buried there by sand and silt. The debris may have decomposed by bacteria, so that most of the oxygen was removed, or oil may have been distilled from partially decayed debris, by heat generated by movement or by depth of burial.
The final result is a black viscous product of composition:
carbon – 80% to 89%, hydrogen – 12% to 14%, nitrogen – 0,3% to 1%, sulphur – 0,3% to 3%, oxygen – 2% to 3%.
Temperature changes, earth movements and differences in density between oil and salt water, caused the oil to migrate from the source rock, to accumulate in favorable geological formations.
Oil deposits are detected by visual, geological and geographical methods.
a) Visual methods include observations of oil seepages.
b) Geological methods include mapping the age of rocks, their nature and types of formations present.
c) Geographical methods include:
1. Gravimetric measuring the variation in density of the earth’s crust (коры).
2. Seismic and magnetic measuring.
d) Drilling is the final test for oil-bearing strata.
Most of the compounds found in oil are composed of hydrogen and carbon. In addition to these materials, called hydrocarbons, other compounds containing small amounts of sulfer, oxygen and nitrogen are also present. (Petroleum Technology, D. Davis, PHJ, UK LTD, 1987).
Lesson 2
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Wells
Words to remember:
1. well – скважина
2. marsh – болото
3. offshore – в открытом море
4. exploration – разведка
5. development – разработка
6. wildcat well – разведочная скважина
7. subsurface – подземный
8. to confirm – подтверждать
9. to deny – отрицать
10. profitable – выгодный
11. wellhead – устье скважины
12. casing – обсадка
13. to pertain – иметь отношение к чему-либо, принадлежать
14. well bore – ствол скважины
15. power plant – силовая установка
16. hoisting system – талевая система
17. circulating system – промывочная, циркуляционная система
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