Найдите в тексте и выпишите английские эквиваленты
Изучите грамматическую тему
The Gerund (Герундий)
Определение:
Герундий — это неличная форма английского глагола с суффиксом -ing, сочетающая в себе черты существительного и глагола, и несущая в себе оттенок значения некоего процесса:
playing – игра
reading – чтение
walking – прогулка
Our management encourages working overtime.
Наше руководство поощряет сверхурочную работу.
! В русском языке формы, аналогичной герундию, нет. Ближе всего к герундию по смыслу в русском языке отглагольные существительные с суффиксами -(е) ние, -тие, -ка, -ство и др., а также глаголы в неопределенной форме:
singing – пение, петь
rubbing – трение, тереть
waiting – ожидание, ожидать
Образование герундия
Герундий, как и Причастие I, образуется с помощью окончания -ing, прибавляемого с соответствующими орфографическими изменениями к инфинитиву любого глагола:
to run – running
to live – living
Отрицательная форма герундия образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not, которая ставится перед формой герундия:
for coming in time – за то, что пришел вовремя
for not coming in time – за то, что не пришел вовремя
Герундий в отличие от Причастия I, которое имеет только признаки глагола, имеет признаки двух частей речи: глагола и существительного.
Герундий никогда не имеет артикля и формы множественного числа и этим он отличается от существительного.
Различие между существительным с окончанием -ing и герундием заключается в том, что существительное с -ing обозначает предмет, а герундий передает процесс (-ание, -ение):
|
|
|
Finding a new method is the only way out. (герундий)
Нахождение (чего?) нового метода — единственный выход.
The findings were of great importance. (существительное)
Эти находки имели огромное значение.
Перевод герундия на русский язык
Поскольку формы герундия в русском языке нет, его значение может передаваться существительным, инфинитивом, деепричастием, глаголом в личной форме и придаточным предложением:
Reading English books every day will improve your knowledge of the language.
Ежедневное чтение английских книг улучшит ваше знание языка.
Does your son like skating?
Ваш сын любит кататься на коньках?
He left the room without saying good-bye or looking at us.
Oн вышел из комнаты, не простившись и не взглянув на нас.
I remember hearing this song in my childhood.
Я помню, что слышал эту песню в детстве.
The patient's quick recovery depends on his following the doctor's advice.
Быстрое выздоровление больного зависит от того, будет ли он следовать советам врача.
Выполните упражнение
Образуйте герундий от глагола в скобках и переведите предложение.
1. It’s no use (explain) this difficult problem to Tom. He won’t understand.
2. These educational articles are worth (read).
3. I can’t help (laugh) when I watch a comedy.
|
|
|
4. My parents had no idea of my (come) back so soon.
5. The girls were busy (pack).
6. I don’t mind (have) a cat in the house.
7. I am busy (clean) the flat.
8. She burst out (cry).
9. They burst out (laugh).
10. Why do you avoid (speak) to me?
Read the text below
AUTOMATION
Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.
The term automation is also used to describe non-manufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.
Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency.
Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy workpieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine.
In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation.
The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor, invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device.
Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations.
|
|
|
Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. The motions of these machines are controlled by punched paper or magnetic tapes. In numerically controlled machining centers machine tools can perform several different machining operations.
More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies. When using these systems, a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device. After the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining center to machine the part.
Another development using automation are the flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). A computer in FMS can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory.
Automation has also had an influence on the areas of the economy other than manufacturing. Small computers are used in systems called word processors, which are rapidly becoming a standard part of the modern office. They are used to edit texts, to type letters and so on.
Automation in Industry
Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialing and transmission are all done automatically. Railways are also controlled by automatic signaling devices, which have sensors that detect carriages passing a particular point. In this way the movement and location of trains can be monitored.
Not all industries require the same degree of automation. Sales, agriculture, and some service industries are difficult to automate, though agriculture industry may become more mechanized, especially in the processing and packaging of foods.
The automation technology in manufacturing and assembly is widely used in car and other consumer product industries.
|
|
|
Nevertheless, each industry has its own concept of automation that answers its particular production needs.
Vocabulary:
automation — автоматизация
previously — ранее
sequence — последовательность
assembly plant — сборочный завод
non-manufacturing — непроизводственный
device — устройство, прибор
resemble — походить
efficiency — эффективность
flyball governor — центробежный регулятор
steam engine — паровоз
household thermostat — бытовой термостат
facilitate — способствовать
punched — перфорированный
aid — помощь
dimension — измерение, размеры
Найдите в тексте и выпишите английские эквиваленты
Find the following words and word combinations in the text:
1. автоматические устройства
2. автоматизированное производство
3. выполнять простые задачи
4. как легкие, так и тяжелые детали
5. интегрированная система производства
6. принцип обратной связи
7. механизм может разгоняться и тормозить
8. компьютер автоматически посылает команды
9. высокоавтоматизированная система
10. непроизводственная система
Дата добавления: 2023-01-08; просмотров: 47; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!