Preparing for your appointment
Департамент здравоохранения Курганской области
Шадринский филиал ГБПОУ «Курганский базовый медицинский колледж»
Методические рекомендации
Для самостоятельной работы студентов
По английскому языку
По разделу «Инфекционные заболевания»
(« Infectious diseases »)
Часов
Шадринск
2018
Автор-составитель: Вениаминова Ирина Павловна, преподаватель Шадринского филиала ГБПОУ «Курганский базовый медицинский колледж»
Рецензент: Чайко Лариса Александровна, преподаватель Шадринского филиала ГБПОУ «Курганский базовый медицинский колледж»
Данные методические рекомендации предназначены для студентов медицинского колледжа 3 курса, для специальностей «Сестринское дело», «Акушерское дело», «Лечебное дело». Рекомендована лексика по отдельным подтемам, которую необходимо освоить, представлены тексты для чтения, перевода, а также диалог, даны упражнения на закрепление лексики и для лучшего усвоения темы, а также творческие задания.
Infectious diseases
1. Найдите значения и выучите новую лексику по теме:
· infectious
· disease
· germ
· bacteria
· viruses
· fungi
· protozoa
· to multiply
· harmless
· helpful
· fever
· chills
· measles
· chickenpox
· to protect
· to prevent
· animal bite
· insect bite
· proper hand washing
· air
· soil
· water
· touching
· eating
· drinking
· breathing
2. Прочтите текст, переведите, составьте план пересказа:
Infectious diseases
Infectious diseases kill more people worldwide than any other single cause. Infectious diseases are caused by germs. Germs are tiny living things that are found everywhere - in air, soil and water. You can get infected by touching, eating, drinking or breathing something that contains a germ. Germs can also spread through animal and insect bites, kissing and sexual contact. Vaccines, proper hand washing and medicines can help prevent infections. There are four main kinds of germs: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa.
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Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms – such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful, but some organisms under certain conditions may cause disease. Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person. Some, however, are transmitted via bites from insects or animals. Others are acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water or other exposures in the environment. Many infectious diseases, such as measles and chickenpox, can be prevented by vaccines. Frequent and proper hand washing also helps protect you from infectious diseases.
Each infectious disease has its own specific signs and symptoms. General signs and symptoms common to many infectious diseases include:
- Fever
- Loss of appetite
- Fatigue
- Muscle aches
When to see a doctor? You should seek medical attention if you:
- Have been bitten by an animal
- Are having trouble breathing
- Have been coughing for more than a week
- Have severe headache with fever or seizures with fever
- Experience a rash or swelling
- Have unexplained fever
3. Прочтите текст, переведите, назовите возбудителей инфекционных заболеваний и пути передачи:
Causes of infectious diseases
Infectious diseases can be caused by:
- Bacteria – one-celled germs that multiply quickly and may release chemicals which can make you sick. These organisms are responsible for illnesses such as strep throat, urinary tract infections and tuberculosis.
- Viruses – capsules that contain genetic material, and use your own cells to multiply. Viruses are even smaller than bacteria, viruses cause a lot of diseases – from the common cold to AIDS.
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- Fungi – primitive plants, like mushrooms or mildew. Many skin diseases, such as ringworm and athlete's foot, are caused by fungi. Other types of fungi can infect your lungs or nervous system.
- Parasites/ protozoa – one-celled animals that use other living things for food and a place to live. Malaria is caused by a tiny parasite that is transmitted by a mosquito bite. Other parasites may be transmitted to humans from animal feces.
Direct contact
An easy way to catch most infectious diseases is by coming in contact with a person or animal who has the infection.Three ways infectious diseases can be spread through direct contact are:
- Person to person. The most common way for infectious diseases to spread is through the direct transfer of bacteria, viruses or other germs from one person to another. This can occur when an individual with the bacterium or virus touches, coughs on or kisses someone who isn't infected. These germs can also spread through the exchange of body fluids from sexual contact or a blood transfusion. The person who passes the germ may have no symptoms of the disease, but may simply be a carrier.
- Animal to person. Pets can carry many germs. Being bitten or scratched by an infected animal can make you sick and, in extreme circumstances, can be fatal. Handling animal waste can be hazardous, too. For example, you can acquire a toxoplasmosis infection by scooping your cat's litter box.
- Mother to unborn child. A pregnant woman may pass germs that cause infectious diseases to her unborn baby. Some germs can pass through the placenta. Germs in the vagina can be transmitted to the baby during birth.
Indirect contact
Disease-causing organisms also can be passed by indirect contact. Many germs can linger on an inanimate object, such as a tabletop, doorknob or faucet handle. When you touch a doorknob handled by someone ill with the flu or a cold, for example, you can pick up the germs he or she left behind. If you then touch your eyes, mouth or nose before washing your hands, you may become infected.
Insect bites
Some germs rely on insect carriers — such as mosquitoes, fleas, lice or ticks — to move from host to host. These carriers are known as vectors. Mosquitoes can carry the malaria parasite or West Nile virus, and deer ticks may carry the bacterium that causes Lyme disease.
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Food contamination
Another way disease-causing germs can infect you is through contaminated food and water. This mechanism of transmission allows germs to be spread to many people through a single source. E. coli, for example, is a bacterium present in or on certain foods — such as undercooked hamburger or unwashed fruits or vegetables.
4. Выполните задания для контроля:
- Answer the questions:
1. What is the cause of infectious diseases?
2. Where can live the germs?
3. Are the germs harmless, helpful or dangerous?
4. What are the general signs and symptoms of many infectious diseases?
5. Where must we treat the patients with infectious diseases?
6. How can be prevented many infectious diseases?
7. When you must seek medical attention?
8. How can the disease pass from one person to another?
- Express the same in English (Find in text):
1. выделять химические вещества
2. при определенных условиях
3. зараженная пища
4. помочь предотвратить инфекцию
5. плесень
6. в окружающей среде
7. частое мытье рук
8. основные симптомы
9. проблемы дыхания
10. лихорадка неясной этиологии
1. заразиться инфекционным заболеванием
2. обмен биологическими жидкостями
3. домашние питомцы
4. беременная женщина
5. неродившийся ребенок
6. от хозяина к хозяину
7. лихорадка Западного Нила
8. непрожареные гамбургеры
9. немытые фрукты и овощи
10. механизм передачи
- Put down the right words:
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- You can get infected by …
- …, … and … can help prevent infections.
- … are normally harmless or helpful, but some organisms under certain conditions may be dangerous.
- Fever and chills are general … of infectious diseases.
- If you have unexplained fever, experience a rash or swelling, than you should seek … .
- One-celled germs that multiply quickly and may release chemicals which can make you sick is … .
- A pregnant … may pass germs that cause infectious diseases to her unborn … .
- Germs can infect you through contaminated … and … .
- The person who passes the germ may have no symptoms of the disease, but may simply be a … .
- Pets can … many germs.
Visit to a doctor
1. Переведите и выучите новую лексику по теме:
- appointment
- to refer to
- to depend on
- description
- siblings
- supplement
- temporary
- chronic
- to suffer
- pharmacy
- cough drops
- a bad headache
- restriction
- continuous
- occasional
- recently
- to wait for
- to cancel work
- condition
- blood test
- urine test
- to follow the restrictions
- to prescribe
2. Прочтите, переведите текст, составьте свои вопросы для предстоящего визита к врачу.
Preparing for your appointment
If you call your family doctor, he or she may refer you to a specialist, depending on which of your organ systems is affected by the infection. For example, a dermatologist specializes in skin conditions, while a pulmonologist treats lung disorders. You may want to write a list that includes:
- Detailed descriptions of your symptoms
- Information about medical problems you've had
- Information about your parents' or siblings' medical problems
- All the medications and diet you take
- Questions you want to ask the doctor
Preparing a list of questions for your doctor will help you make the most of your time together. For infectious diseases, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:
- What is likely causing my symptoms or condition?
- What are other possible causes for my symptoms or condition?
- What kinds of tests do I need?
- Is my condition likely temporary or chronic?
- What is the best course of action?
- Are there any restrictions that I need to follow?
- Should I see a specialist?
- Is there a generic alternative to the medicine you're prescribing?
- Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can take home with me?
- What websites do you recommend?
Don't hesitate to ask any other questions that occur to you.
Your doctor can ask you a number of questions, including:
- When did you begin experiencing symptoms?
- Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional?
- How severe are your symptoms?
- Have you recently come into contact with anyone who's sick?
- Have you been bitten or scratched by an animal or come into contact with animal feces?
- Do you have any insect bites?
- Have you eaten undercooked meat or unwashed vegetables?
- Have you been out of the country recently?
3. Прочтите и переведите диалог:
At the doctor
Doctor: Good morning! How can I help you? What’s the matter with you?
Patient: Good morning, doctor! I haven't been feeling well lately and my wife suggested that I should visit you.
Doctor: What are the main symptoms that you suffer?
Patient: I have a bad headache and fever and loss of appetite. Also I often sneeze and cough these days.
Doctor: I see. I'll have to look at your throat and listen to your lungs. Come closer, please.
Patient: All right.
Doctor: Open your mouth. Show me the tongue.
Patient: My throat hurts me, too.
Doctor: Well, strip to the waist. Breathe, please. I see you've got a bad cold. You must cancel work for some days and stay in bed.
Patient: I have already cancelled work and am staying at home. I drink hot tea and milk. It usually helps me. Are there any other prescriptions for my condition?
Doctor: Yes, there are. You will also need to buy some drugs. I will prescribe you. We have a small pharmacy downstairs, so you can buy the medicine there, if you want.
Patient: Thank you, doctor. That's very helpful. Do I need anything else?
Doctor: Oh, nearly forgot. Besides you need to buy some cough drops. You can choose the ones you like. They are with different flavours and rather helpful.
Patient: Thank you. I'll do that. Doctor, what kind of tests I need?
Doctor: You will make some tests tomorrow: blood test and urine test.
Patient: I'll do that. When is our next appointment?
Doctor: I will appoint our next meeting on Friday. That means I will see you in 4 days. I will see how will you be after the prescribed medicine.
Patient: Ok. I'll see you on Friday.
Doctor: Good-bye, Mr. Smith. Take care.
Patient: Good-bye, doctor. Thank you for your help.
4. Инсценируйте данный диалог по ролям или составьте собственный диалог.
Tests and diagnosis
1. Прочтите и переведите текст, кратко охарактеризуйте описанные в нем методы диагностики заболеваний:
Your doctor may order lab work or imaging scans to help determine what's causing your symptoms.
1. Laboratory tests
Many infectious diseases have similar signs and symptoms. Samples of your body fluids can sometimes reveal evidence of the particular microbe that's causing your illness. This helps your doctor tailor your treatment.
- Blood tests. A technician obtains a sample of your blood by inserting a needle into a vein in your arm or hand. This test may be slightly uncomfortable for some people but usually takes only a few minutes.
- Urine tests. This painless test requires you to urinate into a container. To avoid potential contamination of the sample, you may be instructed to cleanse your genital area with an antiseptic pad and to collect the urine midstream.
- Throat swabs. Samples from your throat, or other moist areas of your body, often are obtained with a sterile swab.
- Spinal tap (lumbar puncture). This procedure obtains a sample of your cerebrospinal fluid through a needle carefully inserted between the bones of your lower spine. In most cases, you'll be asked to lie on your side with your knees pulled up toward your chest. This test can be uncomfortable and you might develop a headache afterward.
2. Imaging scans
Imaging procedures — such as X-rays, computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging — can help pinpoint diagnoses and rule out other conditions that may be causing your symptoms.
- X-rays. This painless procedure exposes a part of your body to a small dose of radiation to produce an image of the structures inside your body. A chest X-ray, for example, can reveal signs of pneumonia.
- Computerized tomography (CT). CT scans digitally combine X-rays taken from many different angles to produce cross-sectional images of bones, organs and other soft tissues. CT images reveal more details than do regular X-rays.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce detailed images of internal structures. This test involves lying on a narrow table that slides into a tunnel within the MRI machine. Some people find the enclosed space claustrophobic, but medications can help you relax and can make the MRI experience easier.
3. Biopsies
During a biopsy, a tiny sample of tissue is taken from an internal organ for testing. For example, a biopsy of lung tissue can be checked for a variety of fungi that can cause a type of pneumonia.
Treatments and drugs
1. Прочтите текст, выпишите из медицинского справочника 3-4 лекарственных препарата для каждой из названных в тексте групп.
Knowing what type of germ is causing your illness makes it easier for your doctor to choose appropriate treatment.
1. Antibiotics
Antibiotics are grouped into "families" of similar types. Bacteria also are put together in groups of similar types, such as streptococcus or E. coli. Certain types of bacteria are especially susceptible to particular classes of antibiotics. So treatment can be targeted more precisely if your doctor knows what type of bacteria you're fighting. Antibiotics are reserved for bacterial infections, because these types of drugs have no effect on illnesses caused by viruses. But sometimes it's difficult to tell which type of germ is at work. For example, some types of pneumonia are caused by viruses while others are caused by bacteria. The overuse of antibiotics has resulted in several types of bacteria developing resistance to one or more varieties of antibiotics. This makes these bacteria much more difficult to treat.
2. Antivirals
Drugs have been developed to treat some, but not all, viruses. Examples include the viruses that cause: AIDS, Herpes, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Influenza.
3. Antifungals
Severe fungal infections can affect the lungs or the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat — most commonly in people who have weakened immune systems. Antifungals are the drugs of choice for these types of infections.
4. Anti-parasitics
Some diseases, including malaria, are caused by tiny parasites. While there are drugs to treat these diseases, some varieties of parasites have developed resistance to the drugs.
Prevention
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